Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Kellogs Case Essay

Using two motivation theories of your choice, explain a) the similarities and the b) differences between the two theories. Among the various motivation theories, I chose Herzberg’s theory of motivation and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. a) Similarities Herzberg is the person responsible for the birth of the two-dimensional paradigm of factors affecting people’s attitudes about work. This is sometimes called the two-factor theory. The factors involved are: hygiene factors and motivators. The presence of hygiene factors or dissatisfiers relate to the situation in which the person does what he or she does while motivators or the satisfiers relates to what a person does. Maslow introduced his hierarchy of needs which is about how people satisfy various personal needs in the context of their work. He also theorized that a person could not recognize or pursue the next higher need in the hierarchy until his or her currently recognized need was substantially or completely satisfied. The two aforementioned theories are similar in the context of recognizing that there are several factors/needs that affect a person’s attitude towards work. Particularly in Herzberg’s theory, factors may satisfy or dissatisfy a workers performance in the company; it can make them or break them. While Maslow’s hierarchy of needs stated that there are needs which one by one should be satisfied, so as to improve his capabilities as a person or as a worker in a company. These stages should be slowly and completely satisfied before going up on the pyramid of needs. So in onclusion, these two theories common denominator is the satisfaction of one’s needs for them to function more positively. In addition to their similarities, Herzberg’s hygiene factors and motivators are the same as the physiological needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. b) Differences Herzberg’s theory of motivation involves the hygiene factors and motivators. These factors are different in a way that hygiene factors are called dissatisfiers while motivators are the satisfiers. Such factors like the company policy, interpersonal relations, supervision, working conditions and salary are hygiene factors. The absence of hygiene factors can create job dissatisfaction, but their presence does not motivate or create satisfaction. Motivators on the other hand, are the factors that enriched a person’s job. There are five determinants of motivators; achievement, recognition, works itself, responsibility and advancement. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is named as follows, beginning from the bottom on the pyramid to the top; physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization. As individuals satisfy one level of need, their motivation change as they aspire to reach the higher order needs. Physiological needs are thirst, hunger and sex. Safety needs are security, stability and protection. Social needs are the escape to loneliness, love and belongingness, to love and be loved. Esteem needs are self-respect, the respect to others. Self-actualization is to fulfill one’s potentialities. Basically, the two theories differ in the aspect of the recognition of the different factors or needs that a person/leader must take into consideration. Another thing is Herzberg’s theory is all about the factors which affect a person’s attitude about work while Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is all about the various personal needs in the context of their work. 2. Describe the benefits to an organization of having a motivated workforce. When an organization has a motivated workforce, the benefits are mutually gained. It’s like hitting two birds with one stone, it may sound redundant but yes, it’s true. You gain money and at the same time you gain your workers trust and camaraderie. For example, in our store, whenever there are high rate of sales, we give incentives. If there are times when we see that our workers have a hard time working, like stocks have arrived, we give extra snacks. We treat our workers not just workers in our store but also as a member of our family, but there are limitations and we draw the line between leader and worker so as to avoid abusive behaviors. During holiday seasons or birthdays, we invite them to join us in our trip. We saw this as a chance for us to get to know our workers better outside our store, how they are as an individual. We also go a little further in knowing what motivates them, what they want, and how to satisfy their needs, because knowing what motivates our workers makes our relationship in the store, easy and effective. 3. Analyze the difference between hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors are called as the dissatisfiers; they are the job factors which are essential for motivation in a workplace. The presence of these factors does not lead to positive satisfaction for long term. But if these factors are absent or if these factors are non-existent at workplace, then they lead to dissatisfaction. In other words, hygiene factors are those factors which when adequate or reasonable in a job, pacify the employees and do not make them dissatisfied. These factors are extrinsic to work. Hygiene factors are also called as maintenance factors  as they are required to avoid dissatisfaction. These factors describe the job environment or scenario. The hygiene factors symbolize the physiological needs which the individuals wanted and expected to be fulfilled. Hygiene factors include: ? Pay- The pay or salary structure should be appropriate and reasonable. It must be equal and competitive to those in the same industry in the same domain. Company Policies and administrative policies- The company policies should not be too rigid. They should be fair and clear. It should include flexible working hours, dress code, breaks, vacation, etc. ? Fringe benefits- The employees should be offered health care plans, benefits for the family members and employee help programmes. ? Physical Working conditions- The working conditions should be safe, clean and hygienic. The work equipments should be updated and well-maintained. ? Status- The employees’ status within the organization should be familiar and retained. Interpersonal relations-The relationship of the employees with his peers, superiors and subordinates should be appropriate and acceptable. There should be no conflict or humiliation element present. ? Job Security- The organization must provide job security to the employees. Motivators on the other hand are factors which are inherent to work. These factors motivate the employees for a superior performance. These factors are called satisfiers. These are factors involved in performing the job. Employees find these factors intrinsically rewarding. The motivators symbolized the psychological needs that were perceived as an additional benefit. Motivational factors include: ? Recognition- The employees should be praised and recognized for their accomplishments by the managers. ? Sense of achievement- The employees must have a sense of achievement. This depends on the job. There must be a fruit of some sort in the job. ? Growth and promotional opportunities- There must be growth and advancement opportunities in an organization to motivate the employees to perform well. ? Responsibility- The employees must hold themselves responsible for the work. The managers should give them ownership of the work. They should minimize control but retain accountability. 4. Evaluate the benefits to organizations of using different motivation approaches. If an organization uses different kinds of motivation approaches, they are more likely to achieve a better workplace with workers who are well motivated. Why is this so? because the different theories of motivation suggests a lot of tips and challenges for the company to apply for them to achieve a better and happier people in the working department. Another is that the company leaders will be able to satisfy every members needs leading to satisfaction and motivation, as well as avoiding the dissatisfiers that might result to drawbacks. Motivating the members of your company makes them more committed and they will trust you because they will feel that they are important to the company they are working into. Applying various types of motivation theories also makes the working environment more exciting and interesting, so your workers are more enthusiastic in coming to work every day and ultimately making productive, profitable and competitive business. This way, you are not just gaining money but you are also able to help others improve themselves as a worker and as efficient and effective members of the society.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Food Adulteration Essay

Food Adulteration : In our daily life there are so many unhygienic and contaminated things for our health. Most of our things our contaminated. Even the food, which we eat, is adulterated. Now a question arises that what is adulteration? The answer is that the deliberate contamination of food material with low quality, cheap and non-edible or toxic substances is called food adulteration. The substance, which lowers or degrades the quality of food material, is called an adulterant. Adulteration brings a lot of easy money for the traders, but it may spoil many lives. Food adulteration can lead to slow poisoning and various kinds of diseases, which can even result in death. Adulteration makes the food items used in our daily life unsafe and unhygienic for use. An easy example of food adulteration is vanaspati ghee in desi ghee. The traders use it for their economic benefit without thinking about its effect on the common population of our country, which consumes it. For preventing it our government has made some certain commissions and laws. Still it prevails in our country on large scale. Adulteration should be checked properly in common food items so as to save people from its bad effects. Adulteration is the government and we for the common people therefore something should do a type of curse against it. Types of Food Adulteration In India, the most common type of food adulterations is of following types: 1. Milk :- It is adulterated by the addition of water, starch, skim milk powder and removal of cream. 2. Ghee :- It is adulterated with vanaspati and animal fats such as pig’s fat. In order to improve the flavor of adulterated ghee tributyrin is added. 3. Cereals :- Rice and wheat are mixed with stones sand grit and mud to increase the bulk. 4. Flour :- Wheat flour is mixed with soapstone and Bengal gram flour is adulterated with Kesari dal or lathyrus flour. 5. Pulses :- They are adulterated with Kesari Dal stones are added to pulses such as mott urad, and masoor. Toxic chemical such as metanil yellow are added to old stocks of pulses to improve their colour appearance. 6. Edible Oil :- They are mixed with cheaper oil, toxic oil (e. g. argemone oil) and mineral oil. 7. Honey :- It is adulterated with sugar and jaggery. Material required 1. Glass Wares : †¢ Test Tube, Beaker, Slides 2. Food Samples. †¢ Ghee, Milk, Oil, Pulses samples. 3. Chemical Required †¢ Conc. HCl. , Conc. Nitric Acid. 4. Test Tube stand. Procedure for detection the Adulteration in the food Items Adulteration in the food material can be detected in the following ways. 1. Vanaspti in Ghee :- Took one tea spoon full of liquid ghee. Added equal quantity of conc. HCl shook this mixture in a test tube. Now added a pinch of common sugar. Shook it well for about one minute and then allowed it to stand for 5 minute and observed the result. 2. Water in milk sample:- Put a drop of sample milk on a plain slide. Tittled the slide and observed the result. 3. Agremone oil in edible oil :- Took some amount of edible oil in a test tube. Poured 3-4 drops of conc nitric acid. Shook it well and observed the result. 4. Metanil yellow in Dal :- Took 5 gms of sample. Add 5ml of water and a few drops of dil. HCl and observed the result. Observation Table-A:- Detection of vanaspati in ghee Sr. No. Sample Procedure ObservationÃ'Ž 1. Ghee A Sample+Conc. + + + HCl + Sugar Crimson colour in lower layer of the mixture 2. Ghee B -do- + + 3. Ghee C -do- – Table-B:- Detection of water in Milk Sr. No. Sample Procedure Observation 1. Milk A Sample on a + plain slide + titled the slide 2. Milk B -do- + + 3. Milk C -do- + + + Table-C:- Detection of metanil yellow in dal Sr. No. Sample Procedure Observation 1. Pulse A 5gm of sample + + + 5ml of water + Pink colour Conc. HCl appearance 2. Pulse B -do- – 3. Pulse C -do- – Table-D:- detection of Argemone oil in edible oil Sr. No. Sample Procedure ObservationÃ'Ž 1. Edible Oil A 5 ml Sample + + + + 3 drops of Reddish Brown conc. HNO3 colour 2. Edible Oil B -do- + + 3. Edible Oil C -do- + Conclusions In Table A [Detection of Vanaspati in Ghee] Ghee A : It gives most positive test, hence is most adulterated. Ghee B : It gives more positive test, hence is more adulterated. Ghee C : It gives negative test, hence is not adulterated. In Table B [Detection of Water in Milk] Milk A : It gives positive test to small extant hence is least adulterated. Milk B : It gives more positive test, hence is more adulterated. Milk C : It gives most positive test, hence is most adulterated. In Table C [Detection of Metanil Yellow in Dal] Pulse A : It gives positive test, hence is adulterated. Pulse B : It gives most negative test, hence is not adulterated. Pulse C : It gives more negative test, hence is not adulterated. In Table D [Detection of Argemone Oil in Edible Oil] Edible Oil A : It gives most positive test, hence is most adulterated. Edible Oil B : It gives more positive test, hence is more adulterated. Edible Oil C : It gives positive test to small extent, hence is least adulterated.

Monday, July 29, 2019

A Comparison of Happiness and Power in Paradise Lost by John Milton and A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen

A Comparison of Happiness and Power in Paradise Lost by John Milton and A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen Happiness is a luxury only the powerful can afford. In light of this view compare representations of happiness and power in Paradise Lost and A Doll’s House. (30 marks) In both Paradise Lost and A Doll’s House, to say only those in power truly experience the luxury of happiness would be a somewhat reductive statement. Arguably, there are grounds to argue that Eve, as an embodiment of the weak woman in a patriarchal society, never receives the empowerment she desires, despite all efforts to strive for independence, knowledge and subsequently, happiness. Adam does, however, forgive her towards the end of the poem and their love becomes stronger, perhaps signifying a version of a happy ending. The title of the poem in the first place, however, ‘Paradise Lost’ suggests a loss of complete happiness and fulfilment and due to their own actions, Adam and Eve’s Utopia and Paradise is altered and corrupted. Like Eve, in A Doll’s House, Ibsen’s Nora symbolises the patriarchal stereotype of a supressed woman. Nora openly proclaims that she was never truly happy under the restrictions of her role as a housewife and a moth er, but as she leaves her family in search of herself she arguably becomes empowered. Despite the lack of resolution at the end we, the reader are given the impression that Nora will find, at least a happier life than the one by Torvald’s side. On the other hand, to say Nora’s abandonment of her family makes her powerful could be disputed considering the patriarchal context the play was written in. Nora perhaps does find happiness by leaving her family, but from a patriarchal point of view, for a woman to leave her ‘duties’ as a wife and a mother is a woman abandoning her purpose which, arguably, renders her weak and disempowered. Patriarchal and masculine power is a central theme to both texts which arguably leads to misery, not happiness as the repression of women causes their wives to ‘stray’ in seek of independence. Both men at some point lose the women that they love even if temporarily, thanks to their pride and desperation to hold onto patriarchal power. Arguably, Torvald plays up to this stereotype as the strong heroic protector wishing that ‘sometimes [†¦] some terrible danger might threaten [Nora] so [he] could offer [his] life [his] blood, everything for [her] sake.’ Nick Worrall argued that ‘his security depends on feeling superior,’; and as Torvald indulges in this patriarchal concept of a male hero, this statement rings true, portraying the idea that for a man to feel powerful, they must lure thus power and ‘superior[ity]’ over their wives. It appears, however, that Torvald’s words are false and empty as when faced with the opportuni ty to save his wife by providing the ‘miracle of miracles,’ it seems, he is unable to trade in his pride for the happiness of his marriage. Instead, he declares, ‘no man can be expected to sacrifice his honour, even for the person he loves.’ Arguably, Ibsen intended to use Torvald to represent the gender inequality in the time he was writing, and the importance of patriarchal male pride placed even above the importance of family and marital love. Perhaps by having Nora leave, Ibsen was trying to say that placing too much importance on being the stereotypical masculine figure and neglecting female rights would only lead to unhappiness. Arguably, this is seen where Torvald’s male pride leads to Nora’s realisation that he is not able to provide for her (haven’t you been happy here? / No; never. I used to think I was. But I haven’t ever been happy’) and consequently his misery as she abandons him in search of her freedom. Likewise, following Eve’s transgression (‘she plucked, she ate, earth felt the wound’) Adam is initially unable to put aside his masculine pride for the happiness of their relationship, and so despite maintaining power he does not seem to be presented as happy. This is made apparent when Adam’s address of Eve changes from ‘sole Eve’ to ‘ingrateful Eve’ as he blames and reprimands her: ‘bad woman.’ Like Torvald, Adam is unable to look past Eve’s transgression, which causes him to be bitter rather than happy as arguably, he is driven by his sexism and desire for power, and not his love. Weathers was of the opinion ‘that bitter antifeminism [†¦] accompanies young masculinity,’ a statement which seems to describe not only Adam’s behaviour, reflected by his twisted pet names but Torvald’s too as he also mocks Nora’s femininity with insulting remarks: ‘thoughtless woman.â⠂¬â„¢ In both texts, the male characters use the noun ‘woman’ to reprimand and mock their wife’s gender, arguably, to make themselves feel powerful and therefore happy. This attitude of male superiority was common in both contexts, but particularly in the 1600’s evidenced in Milton’s divorce tracts: ‘who can be ignorant that woman was created for man and not man for woman.’ Arguably, Milton’s views are expressed clearly through Paradise Lost as Eve is supressed and put back in her place, ‘safe and seemliest by her husband’s side’ and we are given the impression that had she listened to her husband, the fall would never have taken place: â€Å"Would thou hadst heartened to my words (Adam).† We see however, that this power, like with Torvald, does not bring happiness but anger and resentment and it is not until Adam is able to forgive his wife, and let go of his pride that he is able to pass the ‘tr ial of exceeding love’ and better their relationship. We see then that for both male characters in these texts, their desire for patriarchal power does not provide them with the luxury of happiness but pushes their wives away and makes them bitter and resentful. For Torvald, he is unable to rectify his relationship and is left at the end of the play miserable, and disempowered, but for Adam, despite the fall and his subsequent disempowerment, his relationship with Eve is reconstructed and we, the reader, is left with the impression that they are happy. On the other hand, the patriarchal stereotype categorises women as weak, yet in both texts, the female characters empower themselves by striving for independence, knowledge and happiness. Towards the end of A Doll’s house especially, we are given the impression that Nora will find happiness as she realises that she has ‘another duty which is equally sacred, a duty towards [herself].’ Jakovlievic argued that ‘Ibsen presents the image of a happy household infested with unhappy performatives’ but arguably, as the play draws to a close this image is shattered and the patriarchal pretences are revealed as Nora states: ‘you were never in love with me, you just thought it was fun to be in love with me.’ Nora’s realisation that her marriage is a faà §ade arguably leads to her decision to step away from her husband in search of independence, knowledge and the happiness those entail. It could be argued that Nora’s search for independ ence indicates Ibsen’s view as a humanist and as some have argued, a ‘proto feminist,’ who believed that it was not a ‘question of women’s rights’ but of ‘human rights.’It seems, however, that though Ibsen’s desire was for gender equality, Nora’s freedom would not have been genuinely possible in Ibsen’s contemporary society. Ibsen’s inspiration for Nora was a friend, Laura Keeler who when stepping out of the confining, patriarchal parameters, was punished by her husband and placed into a mental asylum. It seems then, that though we are given the impression of empowerment and happiness Nora’s journey is not a true representation of what was accessible for women in the 1800’s. Equally, Eve is repressed by the male figures in her society and expected to ‘study household good’ under the role of the 17th century ideal housewife. Like Ibsen’s, Milton’s ideology seems t o run through his text through the presentation of Eve as she is prohibited from gaining knowledge such power that comes with it. This seems to mirror Milton’s attitude towards women, who in his own life had forbidden his daughters from a full education. As a result, it seems that unlike Nora, Eve does not triumph in her search for independence but instead is laid with the consequences of the fall: pain in child birth, mortality and the gift to future generations of hereditary sin, ‘who might have lived and joyed immortal bliss.’ Despite these consequences, however, as book 9 commences one of Eve’s main arguments for ‘divid [ing their] labours’ is to escape the threat of the tempter, Satan (‘how are we happy, still in fear of harm.’) As Satan is the most penalised, admonished to hell, subject to the constant temptation of fruit that turns to ash, despite Eve’s inability to achieve independence, the removal and punishment of Satan does dissipate the perpetual fear of ‘the evil one’ and allow herself and Adam to live together in peace, harmony and happiness. Overall, we are given the impression that through a journey towards independence, Nora will find a sense of freedom and happiness in the future. Eve’s search for independence is not a source of empowerment as she is ladled with the consequences of the fall and forcibly placed back at her husband’s side, we do, however, get the impression that without power Eve is still able to find some peace and happiness, as the threat of Satan is no longer a genuine one and her relationship with Adam is reconciled. In conclusion, the men in these texts would have been expected by their contemporary audiences to wield masculine power as patriarchal figures. It seems however, that their desire to hold onto thus power restricts them from a happy life, as it drives their wives away in search of independence. Adam is able to reconcile with his wife and ultimately be happy again but arguably, Ibsen uses Torvald to suggest that those who are not willing to share their power will never be able to put aside their pride for the sake of love and happiness. The women in these texts demonstrate that independence and knowledge is a source of power and happiness, but where Nora is able to receive what appears to be a happy ending, Eve is put back in her place and ladled with the consequences of the fall. Eve, though completely disempowered does seem to find some sense of happiness, as she and Adam are able to reconcile their differences, and without the threat of Satan can live their lives in harmony.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

How does the oil play a big role in Kuwait economy Essay

How does the oil play a big role in Kuwait economy - Essay Example Kuwait has beautiful sandy beaches along the turquoise blue Gulf. In the southwest of the country, the landscape rises to a maximum elevation of 306 meters (1,004 feet). Islam is the predominant religion of Kuwait. Most of the Kuwaitis are Muslims are generally very conservative and governed by traditions and practices from very long ago. The Kuwaiti society is very family oriented. Kuwaiti families are usually quite large, and many different families are interconnected and related to one another through ancestry and marriage. For a country of such small size, Kuwait boasts a very broad and rich culture, containing a particular heritage and encompassing certain trends whose roots are embedded in the cultural traditions of antiquity. Kuwait holds a strong tie to its past, and the government takes pride in its assistance in the retaining of historical artifacts and antiques, as well as in the preservation of the arts and modern cultural endeavors. The official language of Kuwait is Arabic. All members of the government are required to have a working knowledge of Arabic in order to be eligible for the post. English is also widely spoken and is the country's official second language. Kuwait's government plays a dominant role in the country's economy. The government employs 92 percent of the population. Kuwait was the first Arab country in the Gulf to have an elected parliament. Moves to change the male-dominated political structure culminated in the granting of full political rights to women in 2005. Kuwait's most pressing environmental challenge is its limited water resources. In this regard, Kuwait has developed some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities, which now provide much of Kuwait's water. History of oil in Kuwait. Until the discovery of oil in the region in 1911 by a British concern, the Arab states in the gulf were weak and the faltering economies. The numerous rulers in small pockets kept up their autonomy with the help of the British. The Sultan of Omar was the largest of them all and but he couldn't further his rule because of the resistance. The Anglo Persian Oil Company or APOC was the first to start producing oil in Iran. In 1932 Standard Oil Company of California (Socal) discovered oil in commercial quantities in Bahrain. Socal then obtained a concession in Saudi Arabia in 1933 and discovered oil in commercial quantities in 1938. This triggered a flurry of oil exploration in the Gulf States in the 1930's. United States and Britain were the two main nations competing for the oil concessions. The new Iranian Government of Reza Shah Pahlavi revoked APOC's concession. Although the Shah and the British later agreed on new terms, the threat of losing Iranian oil convinced the British in particular that they must find other sources. The small states of the Persian Gulf were a natural place to look due to similar geological conditions to those in Iran. This did not mean immediate wealth for the Arab countries. Large deposits of oils were found in Bahrain. Oman was unable to export until 1967 and it was 1950 by the time oil rich states found it to be commercially beneficial. The oil fields in Kuwait were developed the fastest, and by 1953 that nation had

Designing an In-Service for Underserved Population about Health Care Research Paper

Designing an In-Service for Underserved Population about Health Care Resources - Research Paper Example Moreover, a curriculum will be designed to organize what the program will address and various stakeholders as well as concerned parties will be involved. The reason why I have decided to handle the drug and substance abuse topic in this in-service program is that majority of the underserved population lacks knowledge about the health care resources about drug and substance abuse provided by the federal and state governments. Such resources include information about drug and substance abuse, rehabilitation facilities and drugs, information about the law monitoring distribution and sale of drugs and chemical substances and the places where they can go for advice on drug and substance abuse. As a result, these kinds of people are not able to access such services when they need them and therefore they become victims of the drug and substance abuse menace. A very high percentage of the people in this underserved population that I have chosen are affected by the drug and substance abuse me nace whether directly or indirectly. I also discovered that among those affected by this menace majority got affected due to lack of necessary and up-to-date information about drugs. I also realized that a good number among these people do not know the health care resources availed for them by various governments. ... Moreover, it could make them to understand where they can get various services that they need in order to improve their conditions. Several organizations oversee the issues relating to drug and substance abuse in this country. These organizations are either national based, state based or community based. A national organization mandated to oversee the activities designed to hand the drug and substance abuse menace is the National Drug Control Policy. This is the organization that is mandated to design and develop the National Drug Control strategy that entails all the activities designed to handle the drugs menace (McCaffrey, 1998). Moreover, each of the American states has a department in its government mandated with a responsibility to oversees alcohol and drug abuse. A good example of such departments is the Missouri Department of mental Health that is a single state agency responsible for overseeing a statewide network of publicly funded substance abuse, treatment and recovery su pport services within the state of Missouri (MDMH, 2011). Moreover, there is also the Substance abuse and Mental Health Services Administration that is the major federal organization mandated to oversee all the issues of drug and substance abuse throughout the United States. This organization works with other state, community and private organization to improve access to quality substance abuse and mental health services (Niles, 2010). It makes sure that all the necessary facilities are put in place to facilitate the fight against drug and substance abuse and to facilitate promotion of mental health. There is a very big controversy surrounding this area of drug and substance abuse. Most people argue that drug, substance abuse is the use of illegal

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Health care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Health care - Assignment Example The reasons for this gendered violence range from many factors, from psychological to economical reasons, and I will attempt to elaborate more on these triggers of violence and also offer solutions marital partners can take to put an end to domestic partner violence. Firestone claims that there are two very important psychological factors that influence why domestic partner violence occurs; a "destructive thought process," and what is called a "fantasy bond," (Firestone, n.p). The destructive thought process that Firestone mentions refers to the case where the abuser has this thought in his head that he/she must abuse their partner; the abuser keeps imagining negative things that he/she assumes that their partner is thinking of them, for instance, "She/he is controlling you. Dont let her/him act like you are weak," (Firestone, n.p). In my opinion, men are more likely to act upon this inner voice than are women, because there are external pressures from society on men to act a certain way; men today are still expected to be strong and dominant and powerful, and when imagine that their wives are acting in a way that makes them look unmanly, they lash out at their wives on the whims of this "inner voice," (Firestone, n.p). Also, the "fantasy bond" that Firestone mentions, refers to the belief a person has that he/she is only complete with their partner; this belief also supports the idea that one person in the relationship has power over the other (Firestone, n.p). For me, I believe men like to imagine that they are in control in this "fantasy bond," since patriarchal values extol them to be more powerful than women; this entitles men to physically abuse their partners. Panda and Agarwal offer an economic reason for why men are more likely to physically abuse their female partners; for him, womens economic dependence on men sets the scene for them being physically abused, (Panda & Agarwal, page 824). He claims for example that when a woman has her own house, the

Friday, July 26, 2019

Commerce as the Transfer of Goods and Services Coursework

Commerce as the Transfer of Goods and Services - Coursework Example The arena for making agreements prior to sealing of a transaction varies. The buyer and seller may meet face to face, they can communicate through the telephone or they can do that through the web commonly known as the interment. When such agreements are reached over the internet followed by the transaction getting sealed (buyer gets commodities bought delivered to him and the seller gets paid by the buyer), then this is termed as e-commerce or e-business. Just like in any business, there have been instances of fraud in e-commerce. If one is able to commit fraud when the transaction is conducted face to face, how much more is this possible when business is conducted over the web Most businessmen have been defrauded and buyers conned. This led to the need for beefing up security as far as e-commerce is concerned. The security function in the websites belonging to buyers has been the very essence of doing business. One needs to verify the validity of the seller and the buyer needs to pay beforehand. Even though the amount of security has increased in the recent years, the hackers keep on being creative by the day thus also requiring innovation as far as the security function of e-commerce is concerned. E-commerce is picking up as a popular way of doing business not only on the retail section but also the banking section. It entails doing business over the web in which the seller and the buyer are both connected via a web browser. Since anything that deals with the computer and the web to be precise is prone to hacking, spying, sabotage etc, it is important that a security component is emphasized when using the web. This security function becomes mandatory when using the web for business. However, the security needs to be upheld to a given degree which is of dual function in that it doesn't impede on the efficiency of transactions and still it doesn't leave obvious holes to the hackers' advantage. The seller's website needs to be well protected and secure against fraudsters and hackers but at the same time, the security components should not suffocate the website to a level that the efficiency of business transactions is impeded on. The buyer has the obligation to identify his/her s ecurity objectives: there is need to know what it is that the seller needs to protect and what should be left open with considerable trust to enhance business transactions. As much as some reasonable degree of trust is necessary for conducting business but too much trust is dangerous to the wellbeing of the very business that you fight to enhance through trust. Therefore, once the seller has identified what to protect and what not to, he has successfully defined his security objectives and this help does create a security policy which must be implemented.  

Thursday, July 25, 2019

European Commissions Proposal to Introduce Audit Independence Reform Essay

European Commissions Proposal to Introduce Audit Independence Reform - Essay Example This paper illustrates that following the evaluation, the auditors determine the level of conformation between those declarations and the required auditing standards, and communicating their opinion through the audit report. The quality and authenticity of audit report and compliance with the prescribed practices of audit standards have always been a subject of discussion in the corporate environment. Adherence to audit standards practice is necessary as it helps a corporate organization to lessen risks as well as optimize its business performance at the same time. Currently, the competitive business environment that prevails worldwide, calls for a rigid regulatory setting and compliance to audit standards norms, for businesses and the financial system to sustain in the long run. However, the European Commission considers the global economic depression during 2007-2009 had pointed out significant drawbacks in the audit system followed in Europe. The Commission believes so because man y financial organizations were found to have been given clean reports by their auditors, in spite of the fact that those institutions had grave financial health issues. As a result, the European Commission had proposed a number of reforms to improve the independence of the auditing profession. To alleviate the danger of any impending conflict of interest owing to an acquaintance risk, the European Commission in its report has proposed that all publicly listed companies will have to obligatorily alter their auditor after each six years in case they had employed one auditor to execute the audit process, and after each nine years when two auditors were employed to perform the audit. This proposed reform is said to have a number of advantages in the context of dealing with issues like conflict of interest and in so doing enhancing the quality of the audit. The major advantage expected from this reform is the reinforcement of professional skepticism.

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Media law and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Media law and ethics - Essay Example In today’s modern world where there is the rule of information, Media holds a huge responsibility in the aspect of State politics, culture and economics. The role of media cannot be separated from masses living out in a multi-cultural system. In UK, where media holds a distinctive position, have a close relationship with customs of the State. Media which exercise the right of freedom of speech, uncovers all the special events taking place in the general public, in the parliament or in the secretariat office (Kieran, 1998). It automatically becomes the responsibility of journalism and journalists to deliver the right message and right information to the public, in order to avoid any misinterpretation or create big misunderstandings. The role of media in UK has always remained under criticism, as there had been events in the past which portrayed the negative image of journalism and journalist’s rule in the region. There had been stories which brought curiosity into the pu blic (Kieran, 1998). Princess Diana before her death had been a continuous target for media intrusion in her life to which she confronted to the British press that she wanted privacy in her private life of her sons and herself. The press was anxious to take pictures of Princess Diana with Dodi Fayed who was the son of Mohammad Fayed, a wealthy owner of Harrods. Princess of Wales had claimed before that she had been harassed by freelance photographers who would sell photographs to media and then they would leak their picture which was clear intrusion in her private life. Even after the divorce from Prince of Wales, Princess Diana did that entire she could do to appeal from journalist to leave her and her children alone to get along with their lives. Princess Diana was so irritated with journalists’ intrusion that she jumped out of the car and took the ignition key from the journalist bike from preventing them from following. Even in the night when Princess Diana died, the reas on for her death was the chasing of the media journalist of her car. The presence of Paparazzi in the place of the incident and tried to take photographs of Princes Diana raised concerns over privacy laws and freedom for press in Great Britain (Crook, 2010). The case of Milly Dowler, a thirteen year old girl, who got kidnapped and murdered, is one of the main incidents which can never be forgotten. The story raises a lot of questions that never had been answered by the journalism’s community in the true essence (Peck, 2010). An investigation made by the Surrey police in 2002, reported strict involvements of journalists in the murder of the 13 year old girl, Milly Dowler. After Dowler’s disappearance, her phone got hacked, and nobody knew where the girl was and she was not even answering the phone (Leigh, 2012). News of the World Journalists became part of the story, when Surrey Police identified them as distracters of the ongoing investigation. There were many journali sts who were found guilty on the hacking of Dowler’s phone and the deletion of instant voicemail messages (Get Surrey, 2012). It brought a serious questioning on the face of media of that time and still today has been set as a weird example for the rest of the journalism community (Leigh, 2012). The deliverance of

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Ocean Depth Probe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ocean Depth Probe - Essay Example Electromagnetic Compatibility is the capability of electrical and electronic systems, equipments, and devices to operate in their intended electromagnetic environment within a defined margin of safety, and at design levels or performance, without suffering or causing unacceptable degradation as a result of electromagnetic interference (Electronic Project Design 2009). So, various aspects of the Ocean including the natural earth magnetic field at certain depth and the unnatural magnetic fields caused due to human being for their different installment of instruments have to be sorted out so that no interferences occur at the time of ocean depth probe. All types of equipments and systems must be designed to meet electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) specifications. To achieve this aim, special design techniques are necessary. Their effective use in practical applications depends on the understanding of the underlying physical principles. EMC problems involve complex electromagnetic interactions and hence can only be tackled effectively by a combination of experimental and numerical tools (Christopoulos 1992, pp. 239-247) At the time of investigation of the depth of ocean, using the different techniques to explore the ocean for various purposes the movement of the sound wave in the different level of water is different, depending upon the nature of the water quality and various objects and animal present at particular level. Thigpen et. al (1985) have find out that "in marine seismic exploration, an acoustic source disposed beneath the water surface generates a signal which is reflected from layers beneath the ocean floor and received by hydrophones connected to a remote recording unit." The further investigation explains that "the received reflected signal provides information about the subsurface characteristics of the earth" (Thigpen, B B et al. 1985). This production of sound may interfere if not used properly for the investigation. In an experimental report find out by Thigpen et. al. (1985) shows that "conventional acoustic sources used in marine exploration consist of an array of many air guns or water guns fired simultaneously at pre-selected time intervals." Explaining the effects by this experiment they say "the shape of the acoustic wave or "signature" of the array is dependent upon the depth at which the array is fired and on the synchronization of the firing instant among all the guns in the array." They find out some contrast results with word of caution that "if one of the two parameters or both are not substantially the same for all guns the seismic signature will be less than optimum and if the depths of the guns are different, the firing instant of each gun can be changed by fractions of a millisecond so that the resulting acoustic wave front is at maximum amplitude and strength." JAMSTEC (2007) has provided various techniques to measure the depth of ocean and to find out different aspects of benefit of ocean probe as follows: Sensors to Investigate the Ocean at Different Depths: With the use of CTD (Conductivity (salinity), temperature, depth), an observational instrument to measure the conductivity (salinity), temperature and underwater pressure (depth) of the ocean, electrically, with its deployment in the ocean connected by cable to observe a vertical profile

The marginalised in A Modest Proposal Essay Example for Free

The marginalised in A Modest Proposal Essay The use of wit, sarcastic humour, irony, and ridicule to criticise and point out faults is used by the renowned author Jonathan Swift to once again, enthral the audience and readers with a proposal that is not so very modest. A Modest Proposal is considered by many to be one of the most well written and finest example of satire in world literature. His mere proposal for cannibalism as a method to bring justice and allow the citizens of Ireland at a time of depression, is insanely absurd however taking the persona of a well-intentioned economist and publishing it in the form of a pamphlet, the idea itself seems quite justifiable. Jonathan Swift uses the pamphlet as a way to exemplify and point out the problems that indeed harbour the entire country of Ireland. He assembles multiple points and facts which point out that Ireland is its own enemy. The dire poverty lingering in the streets and the position the families find themselves in are a significant example of this which is shown right from the start: â€Å"the roads, and cabin doors, crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms.† He follows on by saying that the many number of children as well as the low income of the parents are indeed a huge problem for the people. There appears that nothing is being done at current to dissolve of the problem and the people find themselves at ends meet. Jonathan then writes about a possible solution which may be classified in modern times as being down right bordering on the edge of insanity. He devises a method that may help the workers and labourers find a way to rid of their problems and live a better life. His method being; using the children and simply put, make them their breakfast, lunch, dinner and clothing. What better way to start then to point out and critically assess the problems lingering in the country and propose a solution which may be the end to all the their problems. Multiple times mentioned throughout the pamphlet, brought out by sarcastic humour, papists as well as the English are put down by Jonathan suggesting that they are the cause to all their problems. His satire in turn becomes oblique and direct as he mentions that he â€Å"could name a country which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.† His allusion to England and its people also directly assaults the English misuse of Ireland. The workers and those who have nothing are very well left with null as England holds all supremacy over the country and its land. Jonathan points out at one point that there have been multiple sayings and solutions for the rampant condition of Ireland however, none have been taken into account and no action has been taken. He points out the number of ill people and those who cannot fend for themselves. His proposal comes into turn to annihilate the problems and treat those who have been treated with indifference and neglect with compassion and aid. A Modest Proposal an absolutely horrid yet imaginative proposal is one of the worlds finest pieces of satire and use of parody, sarcastic humour and absolutely disgraceful mentions, is a text which is an eye opener to many. The hidden message under all the blood and guts convey the action is that we must do what we can do while we have the opportunity. Do not wait on the side and let everything pass by. Those that are unable to do anything can thrive and those that work, beg or slave away of the street can be the beginning of a new age. A Modest Proposal deemed a masterpiece and as stunning example of the satirists art.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Experiment to find the concentration of the ethanedioic acid Essay Example for Free

Experiment to find the concentration of the ethanedioic acid Essay I can use a gas collection to find the overall concentration of the acid mixture, and as I already have the concentration of H2C2O4 , I can simply minus that from the total concentration to get the concentration of the H2SO4. Both strong and weak acids will react with a metal, therefore I will react the acid mixture with magnesium metal. Quantities of chemicals to use As I have been told that the concentrations are approximately 0. 1 mol dm-3 H2C2O4 and 0. 2 mol dm-3 H2SO4, I can say that the total concentration is approximately 0. 1+0. 2=0. 3 mol dm-3. I am going to use 25cm3 of the acid mixture, therefore total moles of acid mixture is 0. 3 x 0. 025 = 0. 0075 moles H2SO4 + Mg == MgSO4 + H2 and H2C2O4 + Mg == MgC2O4 + H2 I need these in one equation so I can get the molar ratios, therefore I formed this ionic equation. 4H+ + 2Mg == 2Mg2+ + 2H2 The molar ratio between the acid mixture hydrogen is 4:2(2:1), therefore (0. 0075/2)x24000=90cm3, this is less than 250cm3, so will fit into the measuring cylinder. I must ensure the Magnesium is in excess. So if I use approximately 0. 1grams, moles of Mg = 0. 1/24. 3=0.0042moles but 1:2 ratio so multiply by 2 to get 0. 0084moles, therefore there is more moles Mg than acid so it is in excess. Ethanedioic acid is a highly poisonous carboxylic acid. It is corrosive and may cause burns. If it comes to contact with skin rinse with plenty of water immediately. Wear a lab coat to prevent exposure to skin. Specimen calculation If 22cm3 of KMnO4 was needed for the redox titration, then 0. 022 x 0. 05= 1. 110-3 moles of KMnO4 . Using 5:2 ratio of 5C2O42- 2MnO4- moles of H2C2O4 is (1. 110-3 /2) x5=2. 7510-3 moles, and finally to get concentration 2.7510-3 /0. 025=0. 11 mol dm-3. Which is almost 0. 1mol dm-3 as suggested the concentration was approximately. The above was all from experiment 1, and now to get the concentration of the Sulphuric acid was experiment 2. If the volume of gas collected was 80cm3, then moles of Hydrogen would be (80/1000)/24=0. 0033moles, however 4:2 ratio with acid so multiply by 2 to get 0. 0066moles, and as I used 25cm3 acid, concentration is 0. 0066/(25/1000)=0. 27mol dm-3. To get the H2SO4 concentration minus the H2C2O4 concentration (0. 11), 0. 27-0. 11=0. 16mol dm-3, this is close to 0. 20mol dm-3

Sunday, July 21, 2019

The History And Current Applications Of Behaviorist Theory

The History And Current Applications Of Behaviorist Theory Behaviorism is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Behaviorism is the idea that behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner and according to John B. Watson; it should have nothing to do with introspection because introspection is too subjective (Goodwin, 2008). Besides John B. Watson there were others also interested in the study of behavior, specifically, Ivan Pavlov and Burrhus F Skinner. Behaviorism was a major change from earlier views because it discarded the importance of the conscious and unconscious mind and instead it attempted to make psychology a more scientific field, by focusing just on the observable behavior. Behaviorism had its earliest start with the work of Ivan Pavlovs and his research on the digestive systems of dogs that led him to the discovery of classical conditioning process, which demonstrated that behaviors could be learned through conditioned associations (Goodwin, 2008). This pap er will discuss the work of Pavlov, Watson and Skinner and how they contributed to todays behaviorist theories like cognitive behavioral therapy. It will also discuss how these early behaviorists theories are the same as todays behaviorist theories and how they are different. The History and Current applications of Behaviorist Theory Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through our interactions with our surroundings. Behaviorism proposes that behavior can be studied in an organized and observable way without consideration or thought of inner psychological conditions (Goodwin, 2008). There are two major types of conditioning in behaviorism, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. It involves taking a neutral stimulus (i.e. the ringing of a bell) and then pairing it with a naturally occurring stimulus (i.e. dogs salivate when presented with food). Continuing this pairing will eventually cause the previously neutral stimulus to induce the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus (i.e. the dog will salivate with the ringing of the bell even when food is not immediately presented). The two components are then called the conditioned stimulus (the ring of the bell) and the conditioned response (the dog salivating) (Todes, 2002). Operant conditioning is a process of learning that uses rewards and punishments for behavior. With operant conditioning, a relationship is created linking a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (Skinner, 1954). Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and Burrhus F. Skinner all developed significant contributions to the advancement of behaviorism. While Pavlov, Watson and Skinner paved the way for behaviorist thinking, what is left of their findings? If we take a critical look at cognitive behavioral therapy we can see how the early behaviorists ideas are still alive today and how these ideas have changed with time. In the late 1800s, Pavlov was studying the gastric function of dogs. Pavlov inadvertently discovered that dogs would salivate prior to the food being presented to them, and decided that his discovery of dogs salivating prior to the actual food arriving was more interesting than gastric functions, and changed the focus of his research (Goodwin, 2008). Pavlov began to experiment with the dogs using a tone to signal for food. Pavlov found that the dogs had begun to salivate with the tone without the presentation of food (Schwartz Lacy, 1982). Pavlov realized that this response is not a natural response and was a learned response, and he consequently called this response a conditioned response and the neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus. In Pavlovs experiment the tone was the neutral stimulus that became paired with the unconditioned stimulus which was the food. The unconditioned response of the dog salivating became a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus of the t one (Beecroft, 1966). Pavlovs work became known in the West, mainly due to the writings of John B. Watson. Pavlov thus coined what we now know today as classical conditioning. Pavlovs research also had a direct affect on bringing behaviorism to the attention of the American public in the 1930s. John B. Watson is known as the founder of behaviorism however Watsons Behaviorism did not catch on immediately and in 1913 when he publicized his Behaviorist Manifesto, he was initially met with a lot of criticism and doubt (Goodwin, 2008). It was not until the early 1930s when behaviorism began to catch the attention of America, in part due to Watsons continued push on the public to recognize it as a valid theory in psychology. Finally after several articles were published citing the use of behaviorism as a way to improve lives, the public began to recognize behaviorism as a positive, meaning it could help to raise children more efficiently, improve marriages, improve business and overall help people to lead more productive lives (Goodwin, 2008). With Watsons book, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, behaviorism for the first time was given well defined goals, methods and thought (Goodwin, 2008). Watson made behaviorism a discipline that created a structure based heavily on the principle that learning is the key to development and behavior (Rilling, 2000). Watson and Rayner, in 1927, conducted a study that produced an intense fear of rats in a 9 month old boy they called little Albert. When little Albert reached for a white rat, Watson would make a loud noise that scared little Albert. Using classical conditioning, little Albert associated rats with the loud noise and shifted his fear with the noise to a fear of rats. Little Albert then associated rats, which have fur, to all things with fur (this is known as second order conditioning). With second order conditioning, little Albert formed an irrational fear of all objects that had fur (Mischel, 1993). Although Watson was asked to leave John Hopkins and essentially could no longer work in academia he continued to promote his belief in behaviorism until it finally caught the attention of the American public. The impact of behaviorism was huge, and was a school of thought that continued to dominate psychology for the next fifty years. Psychologist B.F Skinner advanced the behaviorist perspective with his theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning verified the effect of punishment and positive reinforcement on behavior. Operant conditioning consisted of two important factors, the response and the consequence (Skinner, 1954). If the consequence is positively reinforcing, then there is the likelihood of getting a similar response. If the consequence is punishing the likelihood of repeating the response is not probable (Mischel, 1993). Skinner conducted an experiment known as the skinner- box (Goodwin, 2008). In Skinners experiment a rat was put into a box with a lever. Each time the lever was pressed, food was released. The rat learned to press the lever to receive the positive reinforcement, food. When the food was replaced with shocks, the lever pressing stopped almost immediately due to the consequences of receiving a shock (Skinner, 1954). Similar results were produced by stopping the positive reinforce ment of food altogether in a process called extinction, but the operant conditioned response decreased at a much slower rate than when punishment was used (Goodwin, 2008). This kind of operant conditioning will also occur in the rewarding or punishing action when utilizing this same technique to elicit certain behaviors from a child (Schwartz, 1982). During 1950 to 1970 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) became widely utilized and was inspired by the behaviorist learning theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson and Clark L. Hull (Rachman, 1997). In the United States, psychologists were using B.F. Skinners behaviorism and applying it to clinical work and much of this work was focused towards severe, chronic psychiatric disorders such as psychotic behavior and autism (Rachman, 1997). The therapeutic approaches of Albert Ellis and Aaron T. Beck gained popularity among behavior therapists. These systems included behavioral elements and interventions that focused primarily on problems in the present. Elliss system began in the early 1950s and was called rational therapy and is one of the first forms of CBT. (Ellis, 1975). Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy in 1960 after being inspired by Elliss work and Becks cognitive therapy became a favorite intervention technique to study in the psychotherapy research in academic settings. I nitial research focused on comparing this cognitive therapy with behavioral therapys to see which was more effective (Beck, 1975). During the 1980s and 1990s cognitive and behavioral therapys were officially merged into what we now know as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (Rachman, 1997). Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow introduced the idea that CBT approaches can be used successfully with the criminal population (Yochelson and Samenow, 1976). In conclusion, behaviorism is based upon observable behaviors, so it is easier to measure and collect data and information when performing research. Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention, rational therapy and CBT are all rooted in behaviorism. These approaches are often very useful in changing maladaptive or harmful behaviors in both children and adults. Some differences between todays CBT and behaviorism is that behaviorism is a one-dimensional approach to behavior and that it does not account for free will and internal stimulus such as moods, thoughts, and feelings. Behaviorism also does not account for other types of learning, especially learning that occurs without the use of reinforcements or punishments. Behaviorism does not take into account that people are able to adapt behavior when new information is present, even if a prior behavior was established through reinforcement. Behaviorism without the addition of cognitive influences is not en ough. When we can get an understanding of the thinking behind the behavior we have a better chance at changing it. In the words of Stan Samenow change the errors in thinking and we can change the behavior (Yochelson and Samenow, 1976).

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Cause and Effect Essay †The Causes of Divorce :: Expository Cause Effect Essays

Cause and Effect Essay – The Causes of Divorce From the past to present, people all over the world have determined to live together, which is called â€Å"get marriage† in another word, so that they depend on for living each other. Nevertheless, some couples are unable to maintain their relationship; therefore they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between husband and wife. Furthermore, most people think carefully before they get marriage. However, the divorce rates trend to continually increase nowadays, thus it might be argued that divorces can be taken place easier than the past. There are three main causes of divorce: changing woman’s roles, stress in modern living and lack of communication, which are highlighted below. The first significant cause of recent rise in the rates of divorce is that women completely change in roles. In the past, men have to earn whole money to afford the expense of family, whereas woman only do housework, hence women have no money leading to depend on husbands’ money. Because of these situations, it is too difficult for most women to separate from their husbands. Nonetheless, these situations entirely change nowadays. The equality between men and women in roles are very clear at the moment, thus women can work outside to earn money, while men share the household tasks such as cooking, cleaning, washing as well as caring for children. It can be clearly seen that women are independent from money as they can earn money by themselves to support their living cost. Accordingly, the divorce rates recently rise. Another cause to confirm the recent increase in divorce rates is stress in modern living. Many people, who live in globalisation, have considerable pressures to earn money. It can be obviously seen that the stress has occurred since they are children. For instance, in Thailand, students generally want to go to famous school so that they take advantage to go to well-known universities. Studying in celebrated universities mostly causes having a good opportunity to find a job or earn a lot of money. This circumstance not only happens in Thailand, but also occurs in many countries. Some people are laid off from their companies; consequently the stress occurs in their family, which leads to divorce. Some families can earn money, but inadequate for covering their expenses, therefore it is easy to think about divorce. Nevertheless, the rates of unemployment trend to continually increase as a result the divorce rates can also rise.

Violent Video Games Increase Violent Behavior Essay -- Aggressive Beha

Violent video games have been known throughout the years to take a powerful effect on young children and their aggression and psychological behaviors as they habitually play these types of games. There are many factors leading the federal government to believe that the gaming industry and retailers are not taking a strong enough precaution to prevent this type problem from occurring. Studies show that laboratories and field settings have proven that violent video games cause increased aggressive behavior in children and young adults. Nothing is positive about the effects that violent video games have on children, but one positive factor has risen throughout the years. With all the tragedies and incidents involving the usage of violent video games by children, the United States Senate decided to take action. During a committee hearing, several researchers vouched for the negative effects violent video games were having on young children and young adults. Deadly school shootings like Columbine have been a serious problem in the United States for many years. Researchers and psychologist say that the young adults that partook in the Columbine shooting that killed 13 people and wounded 23 others before taking their own lives were habitual players of violent video games like Doom. Statistics show that many children between the ages of 8 and 18 years of age play video games or other types of media for 40 hours or more a week. (Rideout, Foehr, Roberts, and Brodie, 1999). Out of all the media used by children and young adults, television is the most widely used. Even with TV being the choice recreational activity, video games are rapidly creeping in popularity. Console video game systems like XBOX and Playstation along with com... ...gical Science Agenda (2003). "Violent Video Games, Myths, Facts, and Unanswered Questions". http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2003/10/anderson.aspx Anderson, A. Craig, & Bushman, J. Brad. Iowa State University (September 2001). General Article. "Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Effect, Psychological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature", Vol. 12, No. 5. http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/2000-2004/01ab.pdf Schwarzenegger, Arnold, & Morazzini, P. Zachary. (December 2010). Supreme Court Debates. "Is the California Ban on the Sale of Violent Video Games to Minors Constitutional?", Vol. 13, Issue 9, p15-26, 12p. http://mccclib.mccc.edu:2084/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=96474c99-1f94-48f4-9d99-0c237e037f86%40sessionmgr111&vid=7&hid=123

Friday, July 19, 2019

Volleyball Essay -- essays research papers

Volleyball The sport of volleyball was created by a man named William G. Morgan of Holyoke, Massachusetts in 1895. Morgan was a physical education teacher at the YMCA and called it "mintonette". It was an indoor or outdoor pastime that had characteristics of both handball and tennis. The first rules were written down by Morgan himself. He wrote that the game called for a 6 foot 6 inch net and a court of 25x50 feet. A match composed of 9 innings and 3 serves for each team in each inning. In case of a serving error they got a second chance just like in tennis. If the ball it the net on a serve it was considered a foul and it caused a side out or a point was taken away. In 1896 after a demonstration at the YMCA in Springfield and the name "Mintonette" was replaced with the name "Volleyball". In 1900 the rules were modified and the height of the net went up to 7 feet 6 inches. Also a match length was set at 21 points. Also in 1900 Canada was the first foreign coun try to adopt the game of Volleyball. In 1906 the country of Cuba discovered volleyball thanks to Thanks to a North American army officer named Agusto York who took part in the second military intervention. In 1908 volleyball reached Japan. Hyozo Omori a graduate at Springfield college in the United States who was the first to demonstrate the rules of the game at the YMCA in Tokyo. In 1910 volleyball officially landed in China. Between 1912 and now many of the rules changed and changed again. In 1924 it was demonstrated at the Olympics in Paris under the show of American sports. In 1938 the Chzechs perfected blocking and was officially introduced to the rules. In 1942 William G. Morgan the creator of volleyball died at the age of 68. He felt no jealousy when the sport he created grew and developed. In 1945 the first volleyball postage stamp was released in Romania. In 1947 Egypt was the first Arab and African country to organize a national federation. In 1952 the first women's world championship was held in Moscow and won by the USSR. In 1960 the first World Championship for men was held outside of Europe in Brazil. In 1965 the first world cup was held in Poland and was won by the USSR. In 1973 t... ... the serving team, fails to pass through the crossing space, lands out or lands after a screen. The definition of an attack it is directing the ball toward the opponent except a serve or a block. The attack hit is completed after the ball crosses the plane of the net. An illegal service leads to a side-out and change of service. Things that lead up to this call would be a violation of the service order or messes up the toss twice. There are many restrictions to a back row player. They cannot attack and put a foot in front of the ten foot line while hitting but can land in the ten foot zone. The Refing staff usually consists of two line refs. An up Ref. And down Ref. are located at each ends of the net. Volleyball is truly one of the great All - American sports. It has grown and developed a lot since it was first made up and changes are still being made. Volleyball has not hit such a great national level as it has in other countries and is not a sports gold mine like the NBA or NFL but maybe, hopefully one day it will be just as or more popular. From 1895 to now from Mintonette to the Olympics, volleyball has improved and has been almost perfected.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Kraft Foods Presentation

The product manager for coffee development at Kraft Canada must decide whether to introduce the company's new line of single-serve coffee pods or await results from the United States. Key strategic decisions include which target market to focus on and what value proposition to signal. Important questions are also raised as to how the new product should be branded, which flavors to offer, whether Kraft should use traditional distribution channels or direct-to-store delivery, and what forms of advertising and promotion to use. The case provides a basis for discussing consumer decision making, and stresses the importance of providing a clear incremental benefit when introducing a new product in an established category. Decision Statement: Should Kraft have waited to launch the coffee pod in Canada until the company received results from the U. S.? Since they did a simultaneous launch, how can Kraft foods alter their marketing strategy to increase sales of the coffee pod? Kraft Foods: Kraft Foods was originally began as a cheese manufacturer in 1903 & has since evolved into North America’s largest food and beverage company – Had previously been a division of Phillip Morris Companies but became a public company in June 2001 – Operations consist of Kraft Foods North America and Kraft Foods international – Business is divided into five product categories: beverages, convenience meals, cheese, grocery, and snacks. One of the strongest brand portfolios of global consumer packaged goods players {text:list-item} {text:list-item} – Strong distribution network and a well-earned reputation for developing innovative new products and food applications Mission: to achieve leadership in the markets it served, which it pursued by fostering innovation, achieving high product quality, and keeping a close eye on profit margins. World leader in coffee sales with 15% of the global market; In Canada, Kraft’s Maxwell House and Nabob brands account for 32% market share. The Launch of the Coffee Pod In July of 2004, Geoff Herzog (product manager for coffee development at Kraft Foods Canada) found out that Kraft Foods North America was preparing an aggressive launch of coffee pods in the US. Herzog had less than a month to decide whether Kraft should proceed with a simultaneous launch in Canada, or await the U. S. results Herzog decided to go ahead with the launch ? This is where we believe the problem arose Created the Tassimo In order to Launch in Canada, Herzog had several decisions to make: Kraft owned two major brands in Canada, Maxwell House and Nabob, so the company would have to create a suitable branding strategy. Setting wholesale and retail prices for coffee pod Choose which flavors to offer Decide whether to use traditional distribution channels or direct-to-store delivery Develop an effective advertising and promotional strategy on a relatively limited budget Herzog would also need to present a convincing case that his plan and recommendations would in fact help Kraft expand its share of the Canadian coffee market, while also generating a satisfactory return on the company’s marketing investment. Marketing Strategy With an annual budget of only $1 million for the launch, Herzog faced tight constraints on his ability to introduce Kraft coffee pods in Canada. He would need to identify a cost-effective way to convince consumers that Kraft pods delivered better value the competitors’ pods Goal: 80% of SSP machine owners to try the product; and 60% of those individuals to repeat purchase Herzog was expected to at least break even by the end of 2006 Target Market: Individuals between 25-54, tended to be well educated and had a household income of $ 91,000 (Canadian household income was around $55,000) Three-quarters were married and 88% lived in single-detached homes in urban areas, primarily in the population rich provinces of Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia, and Alberta. Consumers were characterized by high levels of consumption, and their interests included exercising, entertaining at home, gourmet cooking, household decorating, gardening, and taking exotic vacations. Maxwell House and Nabob had similar profiles to SSP machine owners, except that individuals were typically over the age of 45 Buyer Behavior: Consumers typically purchased pods of the same brand as the machine they bought On the other hand, focus group research suggested that SSP machine owners valued flexibility of using different coffee brands in their brewers. Coffee quality was critical since it defined the entire coffee experience Market Share: Kraft expected that, of the 12. million households in Canada, SSP machines would be adopted by approx. 6% by the end of 2004 and 8% by the end of 2006. To maintain Maxwell House and Nabob’s share of the Canadian coffee market, Herzog estimated that Kraft would need to capture at least 35% of the coffee pod segment Product: By proceeding with the launch, Herzog needed to decide on a flavor selection Variety of pod offerings would be critical for building market share and category growth. Kraft’s manufacturing facility also had the ability to offer the product in a resealable bag with zip closure, keeping the product fresher Price: The price of the coffee pod itself ranges from $130-$200. Kraft planned to sell pods under Maxwell House label at a lower point than rival brands, retailing a pack of 18 pods for US$3. 99. Folgers charges $3. 99 for a pack of 16 This pricing would give retailers a 25% margin on Maxwell House, and at $0. 2 per cup, revenue that was more than four times the $0. 05 per cup from ground coffee Issues arose when deciding to follow the U. S. lead on pricing: On one hand, low prices could serve to drive sales volume and establish Kraft as market leader, but this strategy risks eroding brand image. Given the failure rate of new products in Canada, Herzog suspected that store would be willing to carry one or two brands of coffee pods Herzog was unsure of the best wholesale nd retail selling price to recommend Distribution: Most products were d elivered to retailers via warehouse distribution; which essentially made Kraft responsible for delivering all merchandise to the customers’ warehouses. From there, retailers then distributed the goods to individual stores Retailers were responsible for stocking products, refilling shelf space, maintaining inventories, and maintaining displays—services for which Kraft paid in excess of $200,000 for national listing fees. Their system eliminates the need for Kraft to constantly monitor and track inventories, distribution, and stock The alternative was to use direct-to-store-delivery (DSD). This system would require Kraft to be responsible for delivering merchandise to individual stores, holding inventories, and restocking shelves Kraft used this method for its Mr. Christie cookie products; by creating a joint DSD program with Mr. Christie, it would enable Kraft to lower overall cost for coffee pod distribution to approximately $150,000 by reducing supply chain expenses and minimizing inventory holding costs DSD would also allow Kraft to control product displays, ensure superior product freshness, improve customer service, collect insight from retailers, and sidestep warehouse capacity restraints. 40% of all coffee makers were sold in November and December, DSD would also provide Kraft with speed to market during this period Herzog was not convinced that DSD was the way to go. He didn’t feel the company would be able to maintain the DSD approach if coffee sales increased significantly in the future due to limited space in its distribution center and a limited delivery truck fleet Company SWOT analysis Strengths: North America’s largest food and beverage company and number two player in the world Operations in more than 155 countries One of the strongest brand portfolios among global consumer packaged goods players 50- $100-million brands; 5- $1-billion brands Strong reputation for developing innovative new products and food applications 32% market share in Canadian coffee market The company’s Maxwell House line was Canada’s top retail brand of roast and ground coffee; while Nabob was the leader in Western Canada and number two nationally. Resealable bags for fresher coffee Weaknesses: Limited budget for launch of coffee pod Entered the Canadian market years after Senseo had already established themselves as the leader in coffee pod production; selling three billion pods in the first three years. Price of coffee pod system Lack of proper advertising and promotions Opportunities: The company is already a leading producer of coffee in Canada, so they have a greater opportunity to appeal to loyal Kraft brand consumers with their product If the company would choose to target a market different than their competitors, they could gain strength on other markets such as college students. Switch to DSD distribution Threats: Entering the Canadian market before receiving results from North American launch Canadian grocers enjoy margins of 20 to 30 percent, but Herzog believed margins of 35 percent would be needed as an incentive to list Kraft’s coffee pods Use of warehouse distribution

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Social Welfare in Australia

Social upbeat in Australia Social auspices in Australia is a brass of brotherly well-being payments provided by the Commonwealth Government of Australia. These payments argon administered by the Department of Human Services. approximately wellbeings atomic number 18 subject to a kernel test.Payments are made to a categorization of groups of large number natural assimilators and New Apprentices, senesce pension, dish upance for isolated small fryren (families with a chela who lives a fair distance from school), carers, impairment support pension, foster families, maternity payment, plenty who are reflexioning for employment, parenting payment, special benefit (financial hardship) and y come out of the closet(p)h allowance. 7. 1 million Australians were customers of Centrelink, m any an different(prenominal) of which claimed from child care.The payments are paid for done general taxation. In Australia only citizens whitethorn claim these benefits. Centrelink is t he agency which manages societal protective covering. Australia pull up stakess out social welfare payments to ensure to a greater extent equal dispersion of wealth and to assist the lower socio-economic population. In many heaps view in Australia it is the presidencys responsibility to look after(prenominal) the less well off, whereas in other countries, for example China, battalion might deposit on their immediate family, for instance to look after the elderly.Australia is the or so competent at reducing inequality of any complete country. In Europe, the United States and Japan, social security is financed by contributions from employers and employees, with benefits related to past earnings, accordingly the higher income workers received to a greater extent giving benefits if they become unemployed, disabled or retire. The principle for Australias approach is that it reduces poverty more efficiently by concentrating the available resources on the poor and minimises a dverse incentives. The extent to which the Australian welfare state redistributes to the poor is headstrong by the interactions between the tax and social security systems, both in foothold of the size of taxes collected and the distribution of these taxes. This is metrical by estimating the level of spending on social security benefits as a percentage of household disposable income and thus taking account of how very much of this goes to the poorest fifth. The alike(p) procedure is used to calculate how much tax is paid by people in that group, which is then subtracted from the benefits received to give out net redistribution to the poor. 1 The main object glass of social security systems in most countries is to provide insurance against risks like unemployment, impediment and sickness, and to redistribute income across the life cycle. 2 There is also the Robin lummox motive take from the rich and give to the poor, which Australia is a strong example of because our system relies heavily on income testing and directs a higher share of benefits to lower income groups than any other country. Australia has the most target efficient system of social security benefits. many examples of social security payments given out areABSTUDY is the Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander Study Assistance Scheme and is for endemic Australians undergoing some form of study. All Indigenous students at secondary or 3rd institutions and primary students 14 years and older. The student must be of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent and be a current Australian citizen. The impediment Support Pension provides income support for people who suffer a long-term baulk which they go away not recover from in the next two years, which will conciliate them unable to work. The average person will receive $385. 0 monthly. The Parenting Payment is for those who are carers of dependent children under the age of 8. These customers are able to collect this payment until their youngest child turns 16. The Parenting Payment uses an individual and a colleague income test to determine the rate of payment. convey and assets tests are applied to reduce the incidence of welfare fraud and contain social security spending, so as not to rip off the taxpayers. In 2012-2013 the Australian Government contributed $132 million towards social security and welfare, this made up 34. % of total political sympathies expenditure. In Australia, welfare is the largest component of human race spending and therefore is the main determinant of how much tax income needs to be collected. Bibliography Wikipedia, Social Security Australia, 2013, http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_Security_(Australia), Retrieved 20 February 2013. Whiteford, P. , inner Story, 2013, http//inside. org. au/how-fair-is-australias-welfare-state/, Retrieve 20 February 2013. Riley, T. , 2013, course of instruction 11 Economics, Sydney, Tim Riley Publications.