Animal Behavior Mimicry Lab Report Essay Example

Animal Behavior: Mimicry Lab Report Paper This was done by creating palatable and non-palatable red, green, and purple prey out of flour and lard. They were placed on a feeding try in random arrays with the same relative frequencies twice daily. Our groups null hypothesis was that there would be no particular preference in the colors of prey that were removed by the birds. After concluding our results we were able to reject our null hypothesis because our data indicated that there in fact was a particular preference in prey color chosen by the birds. Introduction There are so many different species throughout nature that different species deed to find ways to survive and not become victim to their predators. One tactic that species use in nature is mimicry. Species that are not poisonous will mimic the characteristics of other species that are. This will evade their predator keeping them safe and unharmed as a prey. Although there are many different types of mimicry, there are two main forms; Batteries mimicry and Millenarian mimicry. Batteries mimicry describes when there is an unpalatable model species and a palatable mimic species. The mimic takes on the appearance of a species that is harmful to predators in order to protect itself. The predator is not able to extinguish between the two and therefore does not try to attack either of the two species. The other important form of mimicry is called the Millenarian mimicry, in which the model is not defined and several unpalatable species share warning colors or patterns to evade predation. Both models and mimics are toxic. The advantage is that the predators need only encounter one form to shun the entire complex (brainlessness 2007). This study deals specifically with the Batteries form of mimicry. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Behavior: Mimicry Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Behavior: Mimicry Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Behavior: Mimicry Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nature provides many different examples of this, such as many different species of butterflies and yellow jackets (Banshee, 2012). In Batteries mimicry there are three major roles that complete the mimicry. They are the predator, the model species, and the mimic. The model should experience increases in attacks, while the mimic benefits, and the predator ultimately loses food. After several encounters the predator species with the unpalatable model species will learn to stay away from any species that looks like or mimics the unpleasant tasting species. For this situation to be successful there are many different factors that need to be brought together. The mimic has to be much less frequent than the model, so that the predator will be much more likely to earn the meaning of the toxic signal. This is the first way of implementing our learning tactic. Also resembling the model is extremely important. The mimic role must be extremely close in relation to the model in order for the predator to be deceived. If one of these factors is changed than other factors could stray from the normality of the mimicry. An example of this would be that if the mimic species is not presented frequently enough than the predator may not get a negative correlation and learn from the situation. Our study deals with the learning responses from the birds to different frequencies of mimic species. We in return hypothesized from our knowledge on animal foraging that learning would occur in the birds and they would choose the palatable species over the non-palatable species. Methods The method that we used in our experiment deals with a feeding station. An outdoor feeding station was established in Chocolates, Vermont on Saint Michaels College campus. The station was located in a field across the street and behind an astronomy tower surrounded by trees. Our class chose to use red, green, and purple as the prey colors. After a group discussion took place on which colors would best fit this was our conclusion. We chose to use green as the palatable prey, purple as the mostly palatable, and red as the distasteful prey. The mostly palatable prey consisted of % palatable, while the mostly distasteful prey only consisted of 1/4 palatable. Flour and lard were the ingredients in the recipe that we used for the prey. The addition of quinine sulfate was given to the distasteful prey to add to the repulsive reaction of the predator (Banshee, 2012). Next the prey was then colored according to the chosen colors by our class. The red coloring was created using two bottles of red dye in increments of 0 drops, while the green coloring was created using 100 drops of green dye in 25 drop increments. The purple coloring was created in class on the same day but the data for replicating the purple pigment has been misplaced. After the prey was colored the class cut the floury lard prey into roughly (mm) sections long. They were then labeled in accordance to their palatability. We then randomized the arrays of prey so that the relative frequencies of colors would remain relatively similar. Preys were placed at the feeding station located on Saint Michaels College twice a day each day for five days. The method for putting the prey out at the taxation and taking trays in was divided up between the students in the class. The first tray was set out between 800 and 900 hours. The time for collection is labeled on the x-axis, while the prey removal in percentages is labeled on the y-axis. As you can see in the results the colors of prey that were set out and removed varied from the colors that were presented earlier in the methods section. This was due to the lack poor results that were accumulated over our five day period. There were many factors that affected the results from our experiment and with that the results presented thus far are from a previous class in 2009. As you can clearly see in the results, Tuesday (Day 5) had the highest number of prey removals, with 66 in the morning, and 43 in the afternoon (table 1). Sunday (Day 3) had the second highest number of prey removals, with 71 in the morning, ND 30 in the afternoon (table 1). Friday (Day 1) had the least amount of prey removals out of the five days, with only 18 in the morning, and 6 in the afternoon (table 1). The red prey had the highest number of pellets that were removed, followed by green and blue (table 2, graph 1). Discussion Final Conclusions Based upon the information we already knew we expected to find through our experiment that the birds would experience some sense of learning over the five day period. Some sense of learning did not mean that there needed to be a complete dominant prey removed, but evidence that some adjustment had oaken place from day 1 of the experiment to day 5 favoring the palatable specimen. As far as the color of the prey, we hypothesized that the red/all palatable prey would be the most preferred, and the blue/ % palatable prey would have some preference. The null hypothesis that we formulated as a group said that there would be no particular preference in foraging behaviors in the number of prey removed. After concluding the experiment we were then able to reject our null hypothesis with sufficient evidence based upon our results. Table 2 and Graph 1 in our results show that the red prey, which was all palatable was cost preferred. The blue and green prey did not show a great significance between one another because there were days when more blue prey were removed and other days when more green prey were removed. If you look at overall change from day 1 of the experiment to day 5 of the experiment the blue/ 3/4 palatable prey did show a sign of significance in learning though. Table 2 and Graph 1 are once again evidence of this learning process as you can see day 1 there were a very minimal amount of prey removed and day 5 depicted a dramatic increase in removal. It is important to note that the original experiment planned for six days of electing but due to unfortunate weather conditions on Monday the data was washed and unable to show a significance. Some could argue that the birds may have found the food to be profitable to them strictly because it was made from a high calorie lard sample. This would be extremely rare for birds around Chocolates, Vermont to find between the months of February and April. Although this may be true, the pigments of prey chosen were significantly different and did not show a sign of poor mimicry. Red, Blue, and Green pigments were clearly chosen to deviate the palatability between prey and can only be used to support our findings. A reason for the deviation between green and blue prey not being as significant could result in weather conditions at the time. It is most likely that it was a sunny clear sky day when the results supported our hypothesis making it easier for the birds to see exactly which prey they were taking. A snowy overcast day could have affected the vision of the bird and explain why some days the green only 1/4 palatable prey was chosen. Also the birds may have even put foraging aside on days when the weather conditions were severe and took cover from the weather resulting in a decrease in removal of prey.

Speech Outline Why Winter Is Better Than Summer Essays

Speech Outline Why Winter Is Better Than Summer Essays Speech Outline Why Winter Is Better Than Summer Paper Speech Outline Why Winter Is Better Than Summer Paper Topic: Winter is better than summer Specific Purpose: To persuade that winter time is better for health and it`s fun as well. Central Idea: Many people hate winter time and can`t wait for summer, but they don`t realize all good things that winter offers. Organization pattern: Monroe Motivation sequence I. Arouse Attention A. Who likes to sweat every time you go outside and take a shower three times a day to get rid of the sweat smell and refresh body? B. According to article Emergency Heat Wave Advice every year 175-200 people in the U. S die from the heat. C. Today I want to persuasive audience that winter is better than summer. II. Demonstrate the Need A. In summer time there are many mosquitoes which can spread diseases. 1. According to article Mosquitoes and Disease â€Å"Even today, mosquitoes transmitting malaria kill 2 million to 3 million people and infect another 200 million or more every year. 2. Tens of millions more are killed and debilitated by a host of other mosquito-borne diseases, including filariasis, yellow fever, dengue and encephalitis† B. According to Dr. Maoshing â€Å"the winter is a time to come back to quietness and rebuild your energy reserves. † C. Too hot to sleep at night. 1. A lot of people can`t sleep because of the heat and it might cause health problems. 2. People sleep better in cold room and in summer time it`s mean bigger bills to use they AS system more. III. Satisfy the Need A. Winter is better for health than summer. 1. People are not in danger for heat exhaustion and dehydration. 2. People can`t get sunburn, that`s mean lower risk to get skin cancer. . Mosquitoes sleep in the winter time B. Winter brings snow 1. People can go skiing and snowboarding 2. People can have snow fights and make snow mans. 3. People can walk on the freeze water and go ice fishing C. Winter means Christmas and as well it means presents and cookies. The Christmas season, whether you are atheist or not, is the warmest, most peaceful time of the year. IV. Visualize the Result A. Each season time has it`s own advantage, but winter has more possible activities. 1. In the summer people can swim 2. In the winter time people can skate, ice fishing, jump in after sauna to make lover body temperature. B. Temperature: 1. In the summer time its hot and humid, usually if it`s too high temperature and it`s hard to breath as well. A lot of oil gases 2. In the winter time temperature is low and air is more fresh and clean. V. Call to Action A. In conclusion, winter brings so much positive emotions and things. 1. Making snow mans and playing with snow 3. Skiing and snowboarding 4. Ice fishing 5. And enjoy the beautiful nature B. Also, people health is not in as big danger than in the summer. C. It`s time when family come together to celebrate Christmas and New Years eve. D. Hopefully I persuasive some of you that winter is the really nice season and that it`s better than summer. Emergency Heat Wave Advice. Emergency Preparedness Disasters, Plans, and Survival. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. . Mosquitoes and Disease. Illinois Department of Public Health Home Page. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. . Ni, Dr. Maoshing. 5 Secrets to Winter Health and Energy. Yahoo! Health. Web. 23 Apr. 2011. .

An American Daughter The Construction of Lyssas Character in

An American Daughter The Construction of Lyssa's Character in Wendy Wasserstein was a highly influential playwright and person in general. She was a pioneer of feminism within the theatre as well as non-aggressive feminism outside of it. Her female characters are unlike any seen in theatre previously, and have a life that Wasserstein breathes into them through their dialogue, their descriptions, their actions and their lives. She presents characters that deal with serious issues, and has them respond in ways that are undeniably human, and draw the audience in. This lifelike female archetype is particularly visible in Wasserstein’s An American Daughter. Lyssa, a â€Å"Forty-two-year-old in a cotton shirt and jeans†¦,† (Wasserstein 7) is a sharp, career-focused woman. She is working to become the Surgeon-General, and she faces much to get there. She is not only smart and capable, but she deals with regret, bitterness, and the lack of a filter; flaws which make her life leap from the pages of Wasserstein’s script. Even within the description of the character lies an important break of stereotype. Lyssa is a career-driven woman, but she is not presented in a pantsuit and tie, nor does she wear heels and pearls every day. She is a woman. She wears jeans and a t-shirt, and she faces family issues just like real women do. By starting, at the most basic level, with a fight against diminutive and unrealistic standards, the precedent for honesty is set before anything else. Wendy Wasserstein’s An American Daughter is a prime example of Wasserstein’s presentation of women : smart, strong, capable, and well rounded. Lyssa, as well as her friend Judith and acquaintance Quincy, is presented not as the theatre-standard quiet, demure housewife, but as an independent woman seeking professional achievement. She works very hard, and obviously has a sharp mind and quick wit. What sets Lyssa apart from other female characters like her is not the blatant image of her, but rather the subtext and underlying character traits. In many other stories, there is a strong, witty female character who ‘goes against the grain,’ but Wasserstein’s protagonist (unlike so many others in the same strain) lacks the softer, alluring need for a man. This is the most significant difference between Lyssa and other female leads. Even Jane Austen’s Lizzy in Pride and Prejudice has the wit and the strength, but she boils down to a woman who craves a love interest. Lyssa does not. She has love, she has a husband and kids, but this is not her end goal. She loves her family and her job. She works hard to make her way in the world, and does so without leaning on her father the senator, and without using femininity, meekness, or sexual allure. She is not reduced to a sum of her womanly charm and a tube of lipstick, and this is Wasserstein’s genius. Not only is Lyssa a role model for career-seeking girls, she is also a role model for authors and playwrights alike. She is more than an archetype of the ‘capable woman,’ she seems to be a living, breathing person, someone who could walk out of her Georgetown home and into the lives of any and all of the readers. This is Wasserstein’s biggest influence on the w orld of theatre. She pioneered real, plausible female characters in theatre, and opened doors for equality and feminism within and outside of the theatre. Even when Lyssa catches her husband Walter kissing another woman, she doesn’t melt into the scene we know all too well: woman exits the room with a strong face, finds a place to be alone, sobs, finds her resolve again, and kicks the man out saying something along the lines of â€Å"I have too much potential to waste time on you.† Instead, Lyssa just walks away. She harbors some deep resentment toward her husband, which becomes obvious in the following interactions, but she doesn’t dust herself off and move on with her life. This is why Wasserstein’s characters are so important: they are beautifully, humanly, imperfect. Lyssa handles her husband’s infidelity in a way that isn’t healthy- and that’s important. This is one of the first instances of a character that the women in the audience can look at and say, â€Å"Oh,that’s me. I do that, too.† Much of the validity of Wasserstein’s characters comes from their start in reality. Once again, the truth of her characters stems from the truth in her life. She said what she felt needed to be heard, whether people would like it or hate it ( and most of the time they hated- or at least some did. ) She never presented her ideas as all-encompassing or perfect, instead she celebrated the flaws in all that she commented on: life, women, parents, children, feminism, and society; she commented on them in honesty, rather than trying to brush over issues. Wasserstein devoted most of her adult life to promoting better media presence for women, whether this was through her plays or through her own presentation of herself, her affect was widely experienced. Wasserstein poured (at least) a little bit of herself into each of her characters, and this is what changed the history of American Theatre. Wasserstein’s own life; her difficult childhood; the secrecy in her home; and the intense rivalry between her and her brother ensnared her audience with the fact that at long last- they were watching real women living real lives. One of the major influences on Wasserstein’s writing and, in fact, her life, was her mother Lola Schleifer. Lola was an eccentric woman to say the least. She ran her home and looked after her children, and all the while centered her life around her passion dance. She taught Wendy many important lessons about life, but was also the source of serious strife within the Wasserstein home. Lola demanded perfection from her children and would accept nothing less. This lead to her sending her mentally disabled son Abner to a mental care facility and ceasing all contact. The family never visited him, and soon ceased to acknowledge his existence whatsoever. He did not fit into Lola’s perfect suburban-mold family, so he wasn’t included. This was the type of behavior that put immense pressure of Wendy as she grew up. Wendy was constantly being compared to her brother Bruce, a well-to-do investment banker. Wendy’s accomplishments, however impressive, were held up to t he mold of her brother’s victories, and always seemed to fall short. This search for validity was present in all of Wasserstein’s life, and so it trickled into her writing. It is present in Lyssa specifically. Lyssa seeks her own career and advancement opportunities, and is constantly being compared to her father, which is endlessly frustrating to her. This is a clear link to Wasserstein’s own life, and one of the many reasons Lyssa seems to jump right off the page. Wasserstein also manages to capture a very real vulnerability in her characters. This likely stems from her mother’s influence. Her mother was particularly hard on Wendy as she was growing up and searching for what she wanted to do as an adult. Her mother even said at one point, â€Å"‘Wendy, you make me want to blechhh,’† (Salmon 62). Wendy wanted to win her mother’s favor and approval, but didn’t have a direction for her life, and so was a disappointment to Lola. This type of apathy shows through in the powerful vulnerability of her characters, and gives some insight into the basis of their strife. Aside from just her written works, Wendy Wasserstein was a powerful public figure, and an invaluable voice for women in society. One of the most significant facets of her public persona was the fact that she refused to be the aggressive, hot-tempered stereotype of the feminist. Instead, she lived her life in a way that didn’t allow for misogyny towards herself or her career. In so doing, she led a quiet, well-adjusted opposition to the predominantly-male broadway of the time. The fact that she managed to accomplish so much had everything to do with her public persona. Wasserstein is credited as having one of the first intimate public personas, at a time before Facebook statuses opened a window into people’s lives. Wasserstein published a series of newspaper columns that presented a manicured version of her life to the public eye. She wrote casually, as if she was talking to friends, but still kept the more personal or untidy portions of her life just that personal. This is not to say that Wasserstein shied away from discussing more personal subject matter in her works. In fact, it was just the opposite. She wrote in her plays frank discussions of love, intimacy, sex, and infidelity. Once again, however, she had a distinguishing factor: none of these was used gratuitously. Her female characters didn’t sit around gossipping about boys because what else do women do?. Wives had sex with their husbands not because that was a wifely duty, but because they wanted to. Once again, Wasserstein presented real life, and part of that was real discussion and real relationships. An interesting dynamic is created within An American Daughter when Lyssa brings up the idea that she wouldn’t have lost her nomination had she not been a woman. If a man had done the exact same things (skipping jury duty, making an offhand joke about homemakers), it would have been dismissed as a mistake, but because she was a woman, there was a shift in the power dynamic, and so the public jumped at the chance to have a reason to scorn her. This moment is almost certainly a commentary on our society. Wasserstein is using the reaction to Lyssa as a method of commenting on the ever-present distinction of reactions to mens failures versus womens. This is amplified by the fact that Lyssa is running for a position of power which had a long tradition of being male, and is taking the place of a man. Wasserstein is drawing attention to the fact that men have just as many shortcomings as women, and yet only with women in power roles are those shortcomings thrust into the spotlight. This is another area of feminism in which Wasserstein for many years led the charge: true equality. She did not fight for women to be seen as better than men, she didn’t want to take men down, she simply quietly and reasonably persisted towards her goal of equality. She was a mouthpiece for women across America, and lent a voice to women who wanted to see themselves being accurately represented without forcing a major debate. All of this innovation in the world of feminism in the theatre did not come without debate. Because Wasserstein was unafraid to push the envelope when it came to serious topics, her worked tended to chafe nearly as many people as it encouraged. Wasserstein herself commented on the fact that her plays were breaking through a societal barrier and, in doing so, causing some strife. She mentioned the idea that she was the only woman writing plays for women about women, and so they were expected to be all-inclusive providing representation for all women everywhere. Of course, realistically, this is impossible to achieve. The plays offer much more representation for actual women, but they cannot possibly include characters that everyone identifies with, and so some people will feel that there is still inaccurate and unrealistic representation. This disagreement towards Wasserstein’s works is particularly present against her major success The Heidi Chronicles. This is a work which manages to portray (and sometimes outrightly state) feminist views, but it does so in such a way that seems to undermine the very point she tries to make. The characters in this play may present feminism, but they do not do so without critique. Wasserstein pointed out that feminism isn’t flawless by any means, but that, just like the women it is seeking to further, it is worth it despite the shortcomings. (Barnett 14 15). It is important to note that Wasserstein’s legacy is not only in her feminism, but in her realism as a whole. Wasserstein had a way of writing characters and situations that made her audience believe that the character could live right next door to them. Her characters had real conversations with each other, and rather than trying to force in subtext, Wasserstein seemed to just allow subtext to happen as it would. Characters faced their adversities and responded in ways that people would, rather than grotesque caricatures. This is one of the qualities that created her lifelike characters. One difficulty that Wasserstein faced because of her subtextual messages was being taken seriously. Because much of her agenda was hidden beneath layers of other meaning, many people saw her work as simple comedy, a glimpse at silly interactions. This perception is one that deeply frustrated her. Wasserstein fought to have her work recognized for what it was: a scathing review of societal norms. She is quoted as having said in response to her work being seen as lightweight, â€Å"‘No, you don’t understand, this is a political act,’† (Wasserstein quoted in Dolan 444). Much of this aversion to being underestimated was again attributed to her dedication to honesty. Her characters were created in way that would comment on issues that she felt needed discussion, and so by allowing those conversations to go without being communicated, She was being dishonest to them. By demanding that her work be understood for all of its subtext and hidden meaning, she was once again affirming her stance in truth and honesty, and her position as a mouthpiece for these ideas. From many people, this demand for her works to be wholly understood would come off as haughty and even possibly offensive, but Wasserstein’s calm demeanor and unassuming lifestyle kept this feeling at bay. She lived out the ideas that she wrote in a very genuine way. Because she lived out her ideals, she earned the respect she asked for. Her honesty lived in her characters, their dialogue, their interactions, and their back stories; as well as though her speech, life, family, and work. Another major influence in Wasserstein’s life was her daughter, Lucy Jane. Wendy had Lucy at age 48, and because of the lateness of the pregnancy, she faced severe health problems. Wasserstein was ill almost constantly through the entire pregnancy, and Lucy was born three months premature. She struggled for a time, but ended up surviving, and became a light in Wasserstein’s life. The pregnancy, however, left Wasserstein ill, and she suffered illness based on the complications of birth until her death in 2005. The pregnancy (and the father) were kept secret from the public, and in fact many of Wasserstein’s friends and family as well. Only the people closest to her, the ones she interacted with on a daily basis, were aware of the pregnancy, and knew better than to share the news with anyone. Only after Lucy was born and spent time in the NICU was her birth announced. It was a short article, keeping details about the complications to an absolute minimum and keeping up Wasserstein’s persona. Wasserstein then proceeded to raise Lucy by herself, once again shunning society’s idea of a perfect family in favor of her own version of perfect. The once-solitary woman now travelled with an entourage, including herself and Lucy and usually a nanny and a personal assistant. She spent less time writing and more time doing lectures and answering questions. She gave her effort to her daughter rather than playwriting, feeling that she could now give to her daughter the effort she had given her plays. She worked with many people as she oversaw productions of her shows, as well as the group of people who formed her support system. She referred to the men around her as her ‘husbands,’ and actually had two of them at the hospital when she was giving birth to Lucy. These people became her family, overcoming the image Wasserstein’s mother had left with her of the (so-called) perfect suburban family, in order to create her own little family unit. Six years later, Wasserstein passed away due to lymphoma. This would come as yet another shock to the audience, as the always-private Wasserstein had kept the news of her diagnosis a secret since she had received it. She had continued to appear in the public eye despite her physical ailments, including facial swelling and near-constant discomfort. To the unaware observer, Wasserstein seemed just as put-together as always, even in her last few months. She held lectures and interacted with fans until she was hospitalised in December of 2005. To those who knew her, however, it was clear that she was physically deteriorating. She had been sick since she gave birth to her daughter, and had gone through a string of misdiagnoses and referrals, before finally being diagnosed with lymphoma. Upon her passing, legions of people were shocked and grieving. The lights of Broadway were dimmed in her honor on January 31, 2006, the night after she passed. Wasserstein’s legacy started with her characters and her voice, and will carry on and resonate with her audience for years to come. Despite the social changes that have occurred since her writings, her message remains as relevant as ever. She was a pioneer in the theatrical world for women and their portrayal. Her comments on feminism, relationships, women, and life still hold meaning in our society. Her calm and ordered response to the lack of realistic women in media stands applicable even today, and her heroines are still admirable role models. Wasserstein’s work commented not only on women in theatre, but in the reality of people being depicted in any case. She presented real, vivid characters dealing with real life events, holding a mirror to and commenting on realism in the theatre.

Strategy For Successful Incorporation of New Believers Into the Church Essay

Strategy For Successful Incorporation of New Believers Into the Church - Essay Example The researcher of this essay discusses a strategy, that s needed in order to ensure that more and more Christians become part of the Church and live a more integrated life within the congregation. Firstly, it is important to develop a practical strategy which can attract more Christians towards the Church. Any strategy to include more members in the Church must be Church centric in nature and should take care of enhancing the role of Church in the lives of those who enter for the first time. In order to further strengthen the relationship of Church with the new members, it is critical to introduce and develop new friendship opportunities. By increasing the number of close friends of the new members, church can actually increase the stay of the members with the Church. It is also important to understand new groups will be started within the Church to address to the different concerns of the new members. These groups will be actually responsible for ensuring that all the concerns of th e new members are taken care of and members are further facilitated to improve their knowledge about the Church. In order to increase the number of new members within the Church, it is important to redefine the roles and responsibilities of the existing members. The researcher also describes these new roles and responsibilities. However, the researcher also concluds that it should be target oriented and will be responsible for ensuring that the objective of increasing the incorporation of new members is increased.

Economic Outcome Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic Outcome - Case Study Example According to the study findings  it is imperative to explain the meaning of franchising in order to gain understanding of the whole concept. Basically, franchising is the most common type of contractual relationship in which a channel member called a franchisor links several stages in the production and distribution process.This essay discusses that the relationship created in this particular case involves the franchisor and the franchisee where the later acquires the license or right to operate their business using the trademark of the other company. This kind of relationship is very common especially in fast food business and it has significantly contributed to the success of different businesses. The franchise is licensed to market and distribute the products offered under the trademark of the franchisor. In this particular case, it can be observed that Andy’s Parties will retain its brand name and trademark while licensing other franchisees to market its services which h elps business to expand and this also helps it to gain large market share in its operations. This helps the company to increase its income base given that it would be in a position to attract a large number of customers. A close analysis of the case of Andy’s Parties shows that it costs about $60 000 to open company operated stores. This amount is quite high for a company that has been in business for a short time and intending to expand its operations to other market.         Ã‚  

Gender Communication Essay Example for Free

Gender Communication Essay Women are continually hammering against a glass ceiling and also their advancement is usually hindered by a promotion bottleneck in the middle management and a sticky floor. According to a recent research on an analysis of careers from a number of employees, it was found out that the rates of promotion for men from the start of their careers to senior management was higher as compared to women who started at the same level. Majority of men were promoted as compared to women who had equivalent experience and education. This has adversely affected gender communication by way of intimidation whereby the women are left feeling inferior (Ivy, 28). I picked this topic so that I can comprehend deeply on the effects of glass ceiling and sticky floors approach to communication, and how it is related to gender communication. Knowledge about this topic would adequately prepare me for the world since I would be knowledgeable on how to handle various aspects of my life which include my workplace and my relationships. I came to discover that the glass ceiling and sticky floors issues had only been studied at a high level especially at the top of the management. Women are only promoted to very top positions only if they have successfully made it through at the middle management level (Wood, 157). From my conclusive research I discovered that there is usually a floor that is men dominated by the men in regards to promotions. Unfortunately for women, it is extremely difficult to penetrate through this floor due to the fact that there is a lot biases towards women promotions. Men are easily promoted whereas for women, they have to demonstrate capabilities beyond reasonable doubt that they deserve a promotion. I learnt that there is also the challenge of a mid- level bottleneck towards women which ideally favored men. This concept ensured that few women were promoted from the mid-level management to senior management. This meant that a lot of women were stuck at the mid-level management and they did not progress further from this level. However, this was not same case with men who had similar credentials to the women regardless of both sexes having similar qualifications academically and  experience (Krolokke and Ann, 58). I was deeply surprised by the aforementioned findings and I had to ask myself various questions about the topic. I still have not understood where there should be that prejudice towards women yet there is an affirmative action regarding women. I am yet to establish effective solutions to the link between challenges of gender communication in relation to the glass ceiling and sticky floors approach to communication. A number of areas need to be researched thoroughly so that the relation of the two aspects are understood and practice to the letter. Challenges that face the two aspects should be dealt with through consensus so that there can be a win- win solution where both parties, that is the male and female live and work in harmony (Wood, 159). In conclusion, I wish to strongly suggest that the gender equality aspect should be practiced and women should effectively be given equal opportunities like their male counterparts. Gender communication needs to be a two way traffic and both the male and female should have equal opportunities to express themselves. The barriers that create the glass ceiling and sticky floors approach to communication should be eradicated. Everyone should be given equal opportunities for harmony between both sexes to prevail. Works Citied Ivy, Diana K. Genderspeak: Personal Effectiveness in Gender Communication. Boston: Pearson Education, 2012. Print. Krolà ¸kke, Charlotte, and Ann S. Sà ¸rensen. Gender Communication Theories Analyses: From Silence to Performance. Thousand Oaks, Calif. [u.a.: SAGE, 2006. Print. Wood, Julia T. Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture. Belmont, CA: Thompson/Wadsworth, 2008. Print. Wood, Julia T. Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage, 2013. Print.

To Kill A Mocking Bird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

1.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the book continues you can see the maturity level of Jem, Scout, and Dill rise. They mature just like other boys and girls do, but the trial of Tom Robinson helped all three of the kids to learn a little more about life. The most important thing that the children learned was that, in life everyone is not treated fair. Their father Atticus showed them that it takes courage and self pride not only to live other but also to live with yourself. They also learn about the injustice and justice throughout the Tom Robinson trial. Finally the children learn about prejudice and the effect that it has on everyone else in the world. B.) I believe that people learn much more from life experiences, rather than from what school teaches them. School teaches you things that society wants you to know, instead of the stuff you should now to get by in life. School of course helps people in the long run, by preparing them for a career, but if you do not have what is called 'Street Smarts';, than there is no use for 'Book Smarts.'; For example, If the smartest person in the world walked down a dark alley, and was robbed, then he is considered just as less educated as the next man is. 2.) Considering human relationships from the past, I believe that we as individuals pay for the past years of intolerance and bigotry much more than our country. Of course we are more advanced as a society but only a little compared to the advancement of technology. There are still people who hate for no reason or very little reasons. Many of those people like to tie in the past years of ignorance and set the blame on others, when it is actually their fault. This hurts the country, and makes other country's look down on us. It also puts many people in bad situations, which not only makes people pay for the country's past mistakes, but it brings senseless crime. 3.) Ironically the missionary society is concerned for the blacks in Africa, but they are careless for the blacks that live in the area in which the stay in. Even though they concerned with the people in Africa, the Ewells share the same lifestyle as the people in Africa, and are being criticized by the missionary society. 1B.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Miss gates says that she is all for the system of democracy yet she worries's about the blacks trying to get 'above themselves.

Describe The Requirement For Treating A Client With That Has Anorexia

Treatment of eating disorders can be challenging. Effective treatment must address the underlying emotional and mental health issues, which often date back to childhood and a person’s self perception and self image. Building strong therapeutic alliances with clients is imperative.When working with a client who presents with an eating disorder it is fundamental that, as a counsellor, you do this in conjunction with a medical doctor and a nutritionist.The first step when someone presents with an eating disorder is to insist on them receiving a medical from their GP. There are various reasons as to why this is important. Firstly, if the client has a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 17 or less, you cannot work with them. This is due to the effects that a very low weight can have on one’s brain. Furthermore, the need for a medical is important as someone who has engaged in the behaviour may have encountered serious health consequences and may need to be admitted to hospital, or in e xtreme circumstances, to a psychiatric ward.It is important to work with both a doctor and a nutritionist so as you can focus on why the client may have an eating disorder and what maintains it. The other professionals then, focus on issues of weight and increasing this weight, if necessary. All treatment should be tailored to the individual and will vary according to both the severity of the disorder and the patients’ individual problems, needs and strengths.Due to the psychological causes and effects of some eating disorders, talking therapy can play an important role in treatment. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is considered the treatment of choice for people presenting with eating disorders. CBT is a focused approach that enables a person with an eating disorder to understand how their thinking and negative self-talk  and self-image can directly impact their eating and negative behaviours. CBT focuses on identifying and altering dysfunctional thought patterns, atti tudes and beliefs which may trigger and perpetuate the clients’ eating disorder.Nutritional counselling and advice can help your client to identify their fears about food and the physical consequences of not eating well. The initial aim of treatment is to re establish a healthy attitude toward food and a consistent pattern of eating. It is a necessary stage of treatment and should incorporate education about nutritional needs and planning for, and monitoring, rational choices of the individual patient.There are a number of treatment approaches used for those with eating disorders, in which a combination may be offered. As a counsellor you must work in conjunction with a medical doctor and nutritionist, so as the most effective treatment approach can be put in place for your client.

Promote young children physical activity and mivement skills Essay

1.1 Explain why physical activity is important to the short and long term health and well being of children. Physical activity is an integral part of health and well being in children.Our bodies also require physical activity in order to be healthy.Understanding and supporting physical activity, will help children have the right foundation for a healthy and happy life.Positive experiences with physical activity at a young age promotes the growth if strong bones and muscles, help to develop good posture and balance, obesity risk and chronic disease risk infection are reduced. A long-term health benefit will be that children will have a stronger immune system.Children are less likely to become overweight and will have better control of their body, children will achieve and maintain a healthy weight and they will establish healthy behaviour and increase their self-esteem and concentration. Physical inactivity is associated with health risks: weight gain, obesity, heart and bone disease, diabetes. Children who are physically active are more likely to show good social skills, they are confident and they achieve their full developmental potential. 1.2 Explain the development of movement skills in young children and how these skills affect other aspects of development. Physical activity helps children to develop and practise movements skills which includes: travel, balance and coordination and object control. Movement skills help children develop awareness of what their bodies can do, children learn how much space their body needs to take.When developing traveling skills, the child learns how to move the body from on location to another: hopping, skipping, sliding, walking. Hand-eye coordination and foot-eye coordination uses the eye to direct attention and hands and foot to execute a task so the brain sends out information to the muscles and helps to develop smooth and precise movements. Activities involving foot-eye coordination: kicking a ball; activities involving hand-eye coordination: throwing or catching a ball. Balance is also a very important skills and children learn to control their balance and to gain posture.Balancing activities involves the body, for example: walking on a beam will help children learn that putting one foot in front of the other help children maintain their balance; or balancing on one leg will help them to control their posture. Object control involves movements such as catching, throwing, kicking and children learn how to catch, throw and kick objects. Physical activity is linked with every other area of development. Emotional development Physical activity helps children to build up confidence and different activities such as colouring, painting, helps to express their feelings.Children feel confident, physically and emotionally when they use their body to communicate and solve problems. Social development Children who are physically active are more likely to show good social skills, empathy and self-esteem. Language development Children who are physically active develop good thinking and communication skills.Physical activity gives children the opportunity to talk about activities and develop vocabulary. Cognitive development Physical activity contributes to healthy brain development.Physical activity stimulates the connection between mind and body and is also essential for helping children to put their ideas into actions to accomplish a goal. 2.1 Prepare the environment and explain how it allows all children to develop, practise and extend their movement skills according to their age, needs and abilities. In my setting, we try to create areas of interest that encourages children to develop their movement skills.We also consider and offer children different types of activities.Environment is changed to meet the different needs of children’s ages and stages of development.The environment is organised so that it reflects children’s individual strengths, interests, abilities and needs. The environment should be rich, stimulating and challenging to give children the opportunity to explore, experiment and encourage the movement skills. It is important to make the best possible use of space and equipment so the children can enjoy the activities.All children will have equal opportunities to develop movement skills and the environment will be changed to help children practise the mivements skills.When planning physical activity we ensure that no child is excluded from play and activities are modified as necessary. 2.3 Explain the importance of natural outdoor environments for young children’s physical activity and movement skills. Natural outdoor environment has positive effects on children’s social development and motor skills development.Outdoor play is less structured so it gives children more opportunity to discover, learn about different textures, sounds and children also gain important physical skills.Children feel more free and they use their whole bodies to explore.Natural environments stimulate children’s imagination and engage their sense of curiosity. Children learn social skills by interacting with other children or even with natural materials found in the environment.Natural outdoor environment help children to question, to cooperate and solve problems. 3.1 Plan opportunities for physical activity for young children. An effective planning will help children to participate in a safe and supportive environment.To provide good opportunities for children it is important to maintain a balance between child-initiated and adult-led physical activities.Children should have opportunities to interesting resources to explore and use.Physical opportunities will be appropriate to the age, needs and stage development of children.Enough time will be allowed for children to take part in physical activities.Activities will be planned to meet the developmental needs of the children.Practitioners select age-appropriate activities and physical activities will be challenging giving the children the opportunity to explore and be physically active. 3.2 Explain how the plan: -meets the individual movement skills needs of children -includes activities that promote competence in movement skills -encourages physical play Good planning involves observing children’s strengths, interests and needs and developmental skills.Children will be given the opportunity to practice the skills, to modify, change or adding some equipment based on children’s interests and abilities. Planning is based on observations on each child’s interests and developmental progress.Children need opportunities to practise motor skills and to have interested adults to participate with them. It is also important to support children who are at different stages and provide emotional support , be flexible and provide opportunity for practise.As the child becomes more comfortable and competent with an activity, the expectations can be changed to allow for more challenges. 4.1 Explain the importance of building physical activity into everyday routines. In my setting we support children to become independent and develop movement skills by: -encourage to put on their coats -helping to do the tidying up -have children act out the words in books and songs -be an active role model by participating in physical activities -go on nature walk and learning about the environment -help practitioners during the snack time: giving them small tasks such as carry the cups or pouring their own drinks in the cups or wiping the tables.Children must be encouraged to be physically active. Active children are more likely to lead active healthy lifestyles as adults.Being physically active strengths muscles and bones and helps develop coordination and movement skills. 5.1 Assess effectiveness of planned provision in: -supporting physical activity -supporting confidence and progression in movement skills Physical activities are planned and organised every day in my setting.When children experience the joy of moving, they learn to value physical activity and are more likely to continue to be physically active when adults.It is important that practitioners show positive attitudes towards physical activity.Children also need to understand the benefits and necessity of physical activity.In my setting we discuss what happens to their bodies when they are physically active.Children are allowed to develop gross and fine motor skills in my setting.I evaluate my practice and gain feedback from my colleagues, parents and children.Communication and feedback from parents, colleagues and children is important in determining any adaptations to daily physical activity that may be necessary. 5.3 Reflect on own practice in supporting young children’s physical development and movement skills. It is important to reflect on own practice and to realise my strengths and weakness and also to take into consideration feedback from colleagues and manager. Are the resources used appropriate to interests and needs if children? Are there opportunities for children to be involved in planning and organising physical activities? How well children control their bodies? How can the spaces and resources be improved to allow children to play safely?

Free Essays on GE Strategic Planning Report

GE Strategic Planning Report â€Å"If you don’t know where you’re going, any path will take you there.† Sioux proverb Introduction At the beginning of the 1980s, Jack Welch became CEO of General Electric. Farsighted and controversial, he recognized the major change efforts that have helped some organizations adapt significantly to shifting conditions, have improved their competitive advantage in their market niche, and have positioned a few for a long term survival and prosperity. Because Welch had the intellectual and drive to deal with the competition, he set the tone for the U.S. Industry. GE became highly productive by undertaking a complex reorganization that simplified the company into one with dominant position in its carefully chose businesses. Welch then remade GE into a boundaryless organization that encouraged, and got, participation from employee levels. He extinguished turf wars and the not-invented-here syndrome that stunned employees and companies. He inherited a series of obligatory corporate events that he has since transformed into meaningful levels of leadership. These get-together-from the meeting with GE’s top 500 executives in Boca Raton, Fla, to the monthly sessions in Croton-on-Hudson, allowed him to set and abruptly change the corporation agenda, to challenge and test the strategies of the people that populate each of GE’s dozen divisions, and to make his formidable presence, strategy, and opinions known to all. Welch’s Inheritance Welch first priority was to deal with the increasing bureaucracy for approval of any substantial proposal, that he had experienced as an operating manager. The GE he saw was overgrown, laden with too many layer of management and too many people duplicating work, with too little effective internal communication and coordination, with too many â€Å"losers† amon... Free Essays on GE Strategic Planning Report Free Essays on GE Strategic Planning Report GE Strategic Planning Report â€Å"If you don’t know where you’re going, any path will take you there.† Sioux proverb Introduction At the beginning of the 1980s, Jack Welch became CEO of General Electric. Farsighted and controversial, he recognized the major change efforts that have helped some organizations adapt significantly to shifting conditions, have improved their competitive advantage in their market niche, and have positioned a few for a long term survival and prosperity. Because Welch had the intellectual and drive to deal with the competition, he set the tone for the U.S. Industry. GE became highly productive by undertaking a complex reorganization that simplified the company into one with dominant position in its carefully chose businesses. Welch then remade GE into a boundaryless organization that encouraged, and got, participation from employee levels. He extinguished turf wars and the not-invented-here syndrome that stunned employees and companies. He inherited a series of obligatory corporate events that he has since transformed into meaningful levels of leadership. These get-together-from the meeting with GE’s top 500 executives in Boca Raton, Fla, to the monthly sessions in Croton-on-Hudson, allowed him to set and abruptly change the corporation agenda, to challenge and test the strategies of the people that populate each of GE’s dozen divisions, and to make his formidable presence, strategy, and opinions known to all. Welch’s Inheritance Welch first priority was to deal with the increasing bureaucracy for approval of any substantial proposal, that he had experienced as an operating manager. The GE he saw was overgrown, laden with too many layer of management and too many people duplicating work, with too little effective internal communication and coordination, with too many â€Å"losers† amon...

Filing Jointly Financing phase 5 IP Final Essay

Filing Jointly Financing phase 5 IP Final - Essay Example It is only applicable for first and second home, not for afterwards. The tax benefit from this deduction is that if one is paying interest on loans which are secured by their residence as principal, then the person can deduct this expense from the taxable income. 3. Student Loan Interest Deduction: student loan deduction covers the interest expense of the loans that have been taking to be only used for attainment of education. If your income and interest payments meet the conditions set in the deduction form, then you are able to deduct the expense form your income, thus saving a certain amount of taxes. 1. Child Credit: child credit reduces the tax liability of a person if he/she is supporting a child, and the person's income and other requirements as given in the child credit form are fulfilled. The child credit can make the tax liability zero or can even result in payment if the income tax is less than the child credit refund (known as additional child tax credit). The tax advantage for this system is that it works to increase your net income through refund gained. 2. Earned Income Credit: earned income credit is for those families who have low gross incomes (lower than a certain limit), and with a high number of dependents. If a family meets the requirements of this credit, than its tax liability can be reduced to zero, or can even result in a payment to the family if the tax refund s larger than the income tax (known as advanced earned income tax credit). This system also increases your net income. 3. Hope Scholarship Credit: hope credit can be claimed by an individual for the first two years of college education. The requirements that the person or any other person (for which the taxpayer is responsible) is at least a half time student at an eligible educational institution. This credit is taken on only tuition fees and any other college requirement fees (registration fees, lab fees etc.). Books and supplies are not included. This tax credit also increases the net income of the person who is paying for the education (tax information for individuals, 2009). Difference between a Tax Credit and a Tax Deduction A tax deduction has the primary purpose of reducing a taxpayer's income tax. For certain itemized item, a taxpayer is allowed to deduct the expenses from its gross income. This can only be done if the requirements of deductions as stated by the Internal Revenue Service of USA are met. The effect of deducting the expenses from the gross income is that the net income is calculated to be mush smaller than it actually is. This allows for smaller amount of income tax to be paid by the taxpayer. Thus the amount of taxes is reduced. Some examples of tax deduction are medical deduction, home interest deduction, dental deduction etc. As opposed to tax deduction, a tax credit does not reduce the net income. Rather, it works in two ways. One, it reduces the tax liability on certain items by recognizing a part of the payment already made as tax payment due. Two, it recognizes certain items as such on which the taxpayer is refunded, if the requirement of tax credit are met by the taxpayer. If the income tax is greater than the tax

It is often said that the state of Israel is the amongst the Essay

It is often said that the state of Israel is the amongst the - Essay Example Israel has committed numerous violations of international law, or the international humanitarian law. These violations were properly documented and no matter what justifications of the Israeli government were for such violations, the fact remains that the law has been violated. One of these was the illegal occupation of land acquired by force, which was a violation of Principle 1 of the Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations as well as Articles 2 and 5 of the U. N. Charter (List of International Law Violations, 2012). This happened when Israel acquired East Jerusalem and Golan Heights as well as Palestinian lands. Any military occupation that ensues from a war is only possible and legal if it is done for defense. Besides, such military occupation is clearly a defiance of the U. N. Partition Plan that already allocated lands to Israel. Another violation of the international humanitarian law by Israel was to force native Palestinian populations out of the occupie d land. Moreover, those that remained were clearly discriminated and were forbidden to own lands, rent lands or even get jobs. In fact, this particular violation of international humanitarian law was also a violation of articles 45, 46 and 49 of the fourth Geneva Convention, and of the U. N. ... rights violations committed by Israel included cruel acts against Palestinians such as numerous instances of torture, harassment at checkpoints, land confiscation, disruption of medical care, destruction of public and private property, family separation and many others (List of International Law Violations, 2012). Restriction of the entry of goods into Israeli-occupied Gaza was also another violation of international law (Complete Coverage of Israel/Gaza, 2012). The killing of the Hamas Commander in November 2012 in a place where two children were killed was also a violation of international law (A grave violation of international law, 2012). Such cruel acts and violations of international humanitarian laws were not only hearsays but were confirmed by international organizations which are politically and legally neutral such as the Human Rights Watch and the International Court of Justice. These international organizations naturally do not take sides and thus remain objective, which means that they do not take the side of either the Palestinians or Israel. From the aforementioned evidence there was clearly no sign that such accusations were coming from a moral or political standpoint. Besides, Israel, no matter what its motives were, clearly committed violations of the international humanitarian laws. Another group of violations of Israel includes those against the laws of war and those against the fourth Geneva Convention. Some of these violations included illegl Israeli settlements on Palestinian lands, which violated Article 49 of the fourth Geneva Convention. The provision of the fourth Geneva Convention states that it would be illegal for any country to colonize occupied land or transfer their own people to that land. However, despite the law, Israel built more